The death of Conradin

On this date in 1268, 645 years ago, the 16 year old boy- king Conradin was beheaded in Naples with his best friend Frederick of Baden and a number of his supporters, an event which schocked many contemporaries. I wrote about the events anterior to this in my post The Battle of Tagliacozzo in August.

 

A fourteenth century depiction of the death of Conradin and his companions 

from Giovanni Villani's Nuovo Cronica

 Image;Wikipedia

There is an online life of Conradin here.

Conradin from the early fourteenth century Codex Manesse,
a collection of German lyrics, preserved at Heidelburg, and in which
there appear two songs written by Conradin

Image:Wikipedia

Conradin, the last direct Hohenstaufen, was the son of the German King Conrad IV, and grandson of the Emperor Frederick II, inherited his claim to the thrones of Germany, Sicily and Jerusalem at the age of 26 months when his father died in 1254.

Although regarded as King Conrad V by some Germans the monarchy of the King of the Romans was elective, and with papal pressure not to elect another Hohenstaufen, not to mention the fact that Conradin was only a child Germany entered upon the interregnum that included the double election of Richard of Cornwall in 1257 and of Alfonso X of Castile that did not end until the election of Rudolf of Habsburg in 1273.

Conradin’s uncle and “regent” Manfred usurped him in Sicily, possibly beleiving or claiming to have heard of the boy's death. King Manfred, an illegitimate son of the Emperor Frederick II was eventually killed at the battle of Benevento in 1266 fighting against Charles of Anjou, brother of St Louis IX and brother-in-law of King Henry III, upon whom the Papacy, as suzerain had bestowed the kingdom.

At this point Conradin decided to assert his Sicilian claim, at an age not dissimilar to his grandfather's seizure of poer in Germany half a century or so beforehand as a teenager. By the standards of medieval Europe, he was old enough to press his rights in battle. So Conradin, Corradino to the Italians, as I outlined in August led his troops into Italy, but his international army was defeated at Tagliacozzo on August 23 1268.

King Charles of Anjou. 

Reale d'oro, Barletta. 

Half length portrait between lily and cross, with on the reverse his. coat of arms. 

Image;coinsweekly.com

Escaping from the field of battle, Conradin reached Rome, but acting on advice to leave the city he proceeded to Astura in an attempt to sail for Sicily: but here he was betrayed by the Frangipani family, arrested and handed over on September 8th to Charles, who imprisoned him in the Castel dell'Ovo in Naples, together with his inseparable friend Frederick of Baden. The actual nature of their friendship may historically be unclear, but these days it has attracted predictable interest from certain quarters.

His captor’s attitude was summed up in the sentiment Vita Corradini, mors Caroli - Mors Corradini, vita Caroli. “Conrad’s life is Charles’s death, the death of Conrad is the life of Charles” somewhat doubtfully ascribed to the counsel of Pope Clement IV.The Pope, who was living at Viterbo, was to attract blame for not apparently interceding for Conradin's life,  and indeed in the opinion of some was held to be responsib;e. This point was to be made by Luther during the German reformation with a propaganda print showing the Pope personally decapitating Conradin. However there is good evidence that the Pope did try to save Conradin - whom he had described as alamb led to the slaughter as his army advanced through Italy - and also sought the intervention of Charles' brother the King of France to save the young man. In any event the pope was to die a month later at the end of November.

Charles of Anjou Statue in the Vatican collections

Image:allempires.com

Charles hesitated between life imprisonment or death as a punishment. Prisoners from Tagliocozzo, such as the Infante Enrique of Castile were to be imprisoned for upwards of twenty three years, whilst there was also the precedent of King Enzo of Sardinia, illegitimate son of the Emperor Frederick lived out the rest of his life in prison in Bologna from his capture in 1249 until 1272.


Charles decided on death for his rival and called together a  tribunal composed of two representitives of each of the towns of the region.  Conradin was arraigned before this court with having revolted aganst his legitimate sovereign, of having shown contempt for his excommunication by the Church, of having allied himself with the Saracens - i.e. his grandfather's settlement of themn at Lucera  - and of pillaging the convents and churches of Rome. Only one of the judges, Guido de Lucaria, found in favour of Conradin, in a case whose verdict was certain from the beginning.

Conradin was not present at his condemnation, news of which was brought to him in prison by an elderly French knight according to some sources. At the time he was playing chess with Frederick, and, without rising having heard their fatepronounced, resumed their game.

Accounts vary as to whether the sentence was fixed for thenext day or that they were given three days to prepare. Early on the morning of October 29th Conradin,accompagnied by Frederick, the Ghibelline Counts Gualferano and Bartolomeo Lancia, Gerard and Gavano Donoratico of Pisa and seven others went to the scaffold erected in the new Market Place of Naples. The one grace Charles afforded his rival was that Conradin was executed first.

Charles did not help his subsequent public image by turning up to witness the executions, and the events as recorded, accurately or not, by later writers enhance the already dramatic nature of what happened. Villani in the next century ha s the story of Robert Count of Flanders, son in law of Charles of Anjou,outraged at the sentence striking and killing Robert of Bari who pronounced it at the execution, with the words  "Tiens, voici pour t'apprendre à oser condamner à mort un aussi noble et si gentil seigneur." Confidently mounting the scaffold Conradin is said to have declared his innocence, announced his certainty that his German subjects would avenge him  and threw one of his gloves to the watching crowd where it was retrieved by Henri d'Apifero , who found within it the young King;s signet and carried the glove to Constance, the daughter of King Manfred, and this Conradin's cousin, who was married to King Peter III of Aragon. This was no sentimental gesture but rather an action of bestowing the Hohenstaufen claim on the Aragonese. It seems similar to the symbolism of gloves as in the English coronation rite where one is given to the hand which holds the royal sceptre.

Conradin throws his glove to the crowd

Engraving by William Zimmermann in A Popular History of Germany c.1890

Image;lookanlearn.com 

Conradin glove in hand on the scaffold - note the approaching eagle

Nineteenth century engraving by J.Plueddemann

Image:eonimages

His last words are said to have been "O Mother ! What griefs I cause you."

Immediately after Conradin's decapitation Frederick is said to have kissed the severed head before suffering a like fate, and that an eagle swooped down and dipped its right wing tip in the blood of Conradin.


There is more about the trial and execution in the extract from Giuseppe Quatriglio's  A Thousand Years in Sicily: From the Arabs to the Bourbons (1991) here

The significance of the story of Conradin's death is in part that thereby Charles of Anjou set a dangerous precedent for  many other executions over succeeding centuries of dynastic and political rivals across Europe - hitherto the fate of political rivals had not been determined by public show trials resulting in a journey to the scaffold.

Runciman in The Sicilian Vespers says that Conradin's erstwhile subjects never forgot him, and he remained for centuries a figure of legend and romantic speculation. By the fourteenth century the story of the eagle dipping its wing in his blood was known, and in the late 1320s the Emperor Louis IV when ion italy deliberately razed to the ground a fortress where, mistakenly, it was thought Conradin had suffered. In the sixteenth century in Germany he was presented by Luther as a victim of the abuse of Papal power, and I have been told that in 1870 Germans spoke of the Franco-Prussian war as revenge for Tagliacozzo.

His story inspired a whole series of dramatic works and poems in German, French and English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An example of its popular appeal to nineteenth century English poets with an interest in the Italian middle ages, can be seen in this extract from Conradin by William John Rous, published in 1884:

He turns to clasp with longing arms his friend,

And turning, sees the fatal blow descend,

Then presses with his lips the severed head,

Last greeting of the dying to the dead.

One quivering flash, a shock that is not pain,

And those he parted death unites again.

So perished Conradin, but legends tell

That as the trenchant blade descending fell,

An eagle, that, unseen by human eyes,

Had poised aloft, down swooping from the skies,

For one short instant hovered o’er the slain,

And dyed his pinions with a crimson stain,

Then wildly shrieked, and upward soaring sped

To witness for the blood unjustly shed.

For artists the story of the teenage Conradin was rather like the English ones of the Princes in the Tower  or Lady Jane Grey, as in Paul Delaroche's well-known painting of her execution. In the case of Conradin and Frederick the topic appealed to the Romantic imagination of the latre eighteenth century, as with this somewhat sentimental piece:

Conradin of Swabia and Frederick of Baden Being Informed of Their Execution in Prison in Naples

Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein 1785 

Image:Wikipedia

and some are frankly awful:

Painting by Pauline Soltau (1833-1902) of 1860

Image:Wikipedia

Others are fine examples of ineteenth century historical painting. This one shows Conradin wearing a cap like that he is depicted wearing in the Villani illustrations:

 

Image:artelista.com

and this one better still I think:

Robert of Bari reads the death sentence to Conradin and Frederick

Anton Werner 

Kunsthalle Karlsruhe

Image: Flickriver.com

The execution itself inspired a number of dramatic, if not overly accurate, indeed fanciful depictions over the centuries. Although these suggest the executioner used a sword or an axe one website I saw suggests Conradin and his companions died by the use of a mannaia (literally "the knife"), a very primitive forerunner of the guillotine, which was operated by driving the blade - essentially a meat cleaver, hence the name mountd in a block of wood - down through the victim's neck using a heavy mallet. Mannias eventually evolved into larger devices with weighted blades that more closely resemble the Halifax Gibbet, but the short drop required a very heavy blade to insure decapitation, and the axes would likely crush through the spinal column rather than slice through it.

Frederick of Baden receives the head of Conradin - detail from an early print

Image:executedtoday 



The execution of Conradin in Naples
A seventeenth century copper engraving

Image:chain.to

Frederick kisses the severed head of Conradin

Print by Bernhard Rode, 1781

Image: Wikipedia




Image;corbisimages.com

With Conradin's death at 16, the legitimate Hohenstaufen line became extinct. He was buried at first as an excommunicate on the beach at Naples but hisis remains, with those of Frederick of Baden, were removed to the church of the monastery of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Naples founded by his mother for the good of his soul, and situated near the site of his death.There in 1847 the Crown Prince of Bavaria, later  King Maximilian II(1848-64) erected a marble statue by Bertel Thorvaldsen to his memory.

The statue of Conradin by Thorvaldson in the Carmelite church in Naples

Image: Wikipedia

Ccnradin' s posthumous career from  thirteenth century teenage  claimant and victim to fourteenth century figure of legend and then sixteenth century anti- Papal icon to the Romantic hero-victim which appealled to the a sensibilities of that era to nineteenth century proto-nationalist and twenty first century gay icon is a remarkable cultural journey - and no mean achievement for a teenager who died before he was seventeen.

The Battle of Tagliacozzo

Today is the 745th anniverasary of the battle of Tagliacozzo in 1268 when the forces of Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, defeated those of Conradin, grandson of the Emperor Frederick II and ended his attempt to seize his ancestral territory of Regno back from the Angevin who had defeated and killed King Manfred - Conradin's illegitimate uncle- two years earlier at Benevento.

 

Conradin had been born in 1252, two years after the death of his grandfather Emperor Frederick II, and was only two when his father King Conrad IV died. The Sicilian crown was administered and then assumed by Manfred, an illegitimate son of the Emperor. In 1266 he was defeated and killed at Benevento by the French Charles of Anjou who had papal backing - the Pope's continual fear was the union of the Empire and the Regno  leaving them squeezed between the two territories.

 

The Ghibelline (Imperialist) cities of northern Florence, also fighting against the Pope traveled to Bavaria to convince Conradin to launch an Italian campaign. Following Manfred's death Conradin, who was only 14, decided to enter the fight to claim his Italian inheritance. The example of his grandfather's campaign to establish himself in germany as ateeneager  "the boy from Apulia" doubtless influenced him. Conradin, of whom one contemporay source reports that he was "beautiful as Absalom, and spoke good Latin",  pledging his lands and crossed the Alps from Bavaria with his uncle Duke Louis.

 

Conradin encountered many difficulties. His uncle Duke Louis and other companions returned to Germany. Pope Clement IV threatened him with excomunication. Money was very limited to finance his army. Nonetheless he proclaimed himself King of Sicily and his supporters in both northern and southern Italy took up arms in his name. The people in Rome received an envoy he dispatchesd with some enthusiam.

 

Conradin had by 1267 a party of 3000 knights with whom to campaign and travelling from Ravensburg moved to Verona, where he published his manifesto in which he stated his claim to Sicily, and then on to Pisa, Siena, and Rome in 1268. These were all towns favourable to the Ghibellines and as King Conradin was enthusiastically received in Pavia and Pisa. In November 1267 the Pope had excomunicated him, like his grandfather (on many occasions), father, and uncle. Conradin's fleet achieved a victory over that of Charles of Anjou who after Manfred's death had taken control of Sicily with the Papal blessing. In July 1268 Conradin entered Rome with great popular support . Together with his army he departed from Rome to move south on August 18 planning to  join with Saracen forces at Lucera - the colony established for the Sicilian saracens by Frederick II. They believed that the fight was already won and were preparing plans as to how Sicily should be divided. It was at this point they met Charles's forces at Tagliacozzo on August 23, 1268 and in part because of his army's concern with plunder lost the battle. (Adapted from an on-line article at histclo.com)

 

There is an online account of the battle here . The battle was fought in the Piani Palentini near Scurcola Marsicana, rather than at Tagliacozzo itself.

 

The Battle of Tagliacozzo

MS from the workshop of Pacino da Bonaguida

 1340-45

Conradin is the figure in violet with the peaked cap signifying his rank. In the first scene Charles of Anjou watches as the army led by his rival  passes by, and pursues them in the second one.

Image: worldofdante.org

 

The defeat of Conradin's plan and his ultimate fate - to which I shall return in October - confirmed and consolidated Angevin control over the southern kingdom until the Sicilian Vespers of 1282 divided the kingdom between the mainland and the island, leading to two claimants to the title of King of Sicily, and ultimatelty the nineteenth century term of the United Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. That however lay far ahead in 1268 when the Hohenstaufen dream finally was defeated at Tagliacozzo.