Binnenhof renovation reveals sixteenth century roof pre-fabrication

An insight into construction techniques from the later medieval era has been gained from restoration work at the Binnenhof in The Hague.

The ongoing restoration of the historic complex which houses the Dutch parliament and government offices included the spire over the Torentje - or Little Tower - which was rebuilt by the Emperor Charles V in 1547 with the addition of the spire. The tower now houses the office of the Prime Minister.

When the timbers of the roof were examined Roman numerals were found cut into the timber, indicating the structure had been built elsewhere, the parts numbered, then dismantled and taken to the new tower and reassembled.

The Torentje

Image:tripadvisor.co.uk

The website of Dutch News has an account of the discovery with further details at Roof of PM’s office is original 16th-century flat-plack

The fact that this timber roof was created in this ways leads one to wonder how frequently this method was employed for timber framed church spires or for church and hall roofs in the medieval period.

Re-creating Norman design at Norwich Castle

I have posted previously about the imaginative scheme to re-create early twelfth century interiors in the keep of Norwich Castle. 

 

The Keep of Norwich Castle

Image:tripadvisor.co.uk

This has been accomplished as a part of a major renovation of the twelfth century structure as restored from being the county gaol as a museum which opened in 1894. The collection of artefacts from Norwich and Norfolk is one of the best for medieval items in the country, as well as having material from more recent centuries.

The royal bedchamber at Norwich Castle

Image: norwichcastle.norfolk.gov.uk

In the quest to recreate interiors fit for King Henry I and his court the team conducting the renovation had to rediscover skills and craftsmen that are now uncommon or well-nigh lost.

The making and colouring of the doors is covered in a video here

Making the door furniture in iron and tinning it can be seen here

 

The painting of the walls and architectural features is shown here

Creating reconstructions of the furniture is shown here

With the current exhibition of the Bayeux Tapestry in London the work done at Norwich gives an added insight into the cultural context of such a textile - and, as can be seen in the photograph above, an embroidery of similar scale and design has been re-created for the royal bedchamber at Norwich.

Investigating and restoring the tomb of the Emperor Otto the Great

The Medieval Histories website has had two recent articles about the archaeological investigation and conservation of the tomb of the Emperor Otto I - the Great - in Magdeburg Cathedral. 

The seal of the Emperor Otto I

Image: Wikipedia 

The work has meant that the bones of the Emperor, who died in 973, could be studied and preserved for the future and his tomb chest, which is apparently from the time immediately after his death, has been stabilised and rebuilt.

The Emperor, whose first wife was a member of the House of Wessex as the daughter of King Edward the Elder, revived in 962 the dormant position of Holy Roman Emperor after its time of abeyance under the later Carolingians. Not only did he link the Imperial title to the kingship of Germany, which survived until 1806, but he is in many ways the creator of the medieval Empire, based on the precedent of Charlemagne. His descendants, referred to as the Ottonians, held the Imperial title until 1024.

Wikipedia has a biography of him at Otto the Great

The articles about the tomb and the skeleton can be seen at The Restoration of the Tomb and Reburial of Otto the Great and at Did Otto the Great Die from a Stroke?

The present thirteenth to early sixteenth century cathedral is described in considerable detail by Wikipedia at Magdeburg Cathedral

  

There is more about the history and building of the cathedral, and also information about the examination in recent years of the bones of Otto’s beloved first Queen, Eadgyth of England, which are also buried in the cathedral, at Magdeburg Cathedral

The Emperor’s death at Whitsuntide coincided, quite coincidentally, with the coronation that same Whit Sunday at Bath of King Edgar, who was Eadgyth’s nephew, and was followed fourteen years later by the elevation of the Capetians to the French throne - momentous years in the development of medieval national monarchies.

The Funeral of King Harald V

 

Yesterday witnessed the funeral in Oslo of King Harald V of Norway. I was able to watch the NRK coverage of the day through the BBC.

The full video from The Royal Family Channel can be seen at 🔎 king harald funeral or from the BBC at Funeral held for Norway's King Harald V in Oslo 

The cortège passes in front of the King and Royal Family

Image: The Royal Watcher

It was an extremely dignified and impressive occasion, with thousands lining the streets along which the procession passed from the Royal Palace to the Cathedral and then to the Akershus fortress for the commital ceremony.

The number of members of other royal houses who attended as well as other elected heads of state and leaders of governments was a tribute to the respect and affection in which the late King was held by many nations, as well as by the inter-related royal houses of Europe, and others from further afield.

Two things struck me from a British standpoint. The first is the strange convention at British monarchs do not attend the funerals of their fellow sovereigns. Before the mid nineteenth century this would have been rarely feasible for any ruler, but the advent of steam power made travel quicker and easier. I am given to understand that the ‘convention’ that British monarchs do not attend was invented by Lord Palmerston, who also disliked Queen Victoria travelling to France on a state visit in case the ‘Citizen King’ gained access to her diplomatic correspondence. Queen Victoria was less likely to attend funerals, but her funeral and that of her son and successor brought four and eight reigning kings to London and Windsor to join the new British monarch in burying their predecessor. The interwar and post war period offered less occasion for change, but when the late Queen did attend the funeral of King Baudouin of The Belgians in 1993 I thought this, in my view, rather outmoded tradition had gone by the way. However yesterday the King was represented by the Prince of Wales, and the ‘convention’ was one more invoked.

The second thought was that the calm and precise Norwegian ceremonial, which does perhaps in part derive from British precedent given the fact that the first ruler of an independent Norway in 1905, King Haakon VII, was married to the youngest daughter of King Edward VII, was reminiscent of the funeral of the late Queen in 2022. This gives the lie to the oft-repeated complacent comment by so-called ‘royal experts’ and ‘royal commentators’ that “no-one does ceremonial for such occasions as we do in Britain”.

Norway yesterday showed their tradition at its best. Other monarchies also have state ceremonies to rival those of the UK. Swedish, Spanish, and Dutch ceremonial is just as impressive when deployed on the appropriate occasions. Those who describe the Dutch monarch as “bicycling” should look at film of the opening of the States General or, even more remarkable, the funerals of their former Queens.

Looking at film of the Norwegian royal funerals of 1954, 1957, and 1991 it was clear that the form and ceremony was identical. There is clearly a well established culture of maintaining the correct ceremonial tradition in the Norwegian royal household and in the military.

The website Scandinavian Royalty has a video of the

Norwegian royal family greeting their guests from other royal houses at the Royal Palace following the funeral. This is rather unusual to see members of these families behind the scenes, as well as being entertaining and illuminating in its ‘body language’ and can be viewed at Scandinavian Royalty

At the time of the King’s death I linked to a very interesting post from The Antiquary about the burials of Kings of Norway in the medieval era and also about the creation after 1938 of the funeral chapel at Akershus. It can be accessed at The Antiquary

The Nativity of the Virgin Mary

Today is the feast of the Nativity of Our Lady.

The Nativity of Our Lady

Giotto

Image:Wikipedia 

OnePeter5 has an article about the history of the feast and various customs traditionally associated with it. Most of these relate to the agricultural calendar of farming communities, and the fact that this day in early September was a convenient marker within the annual round.

The article can be read at Forgotten Customs of Our Lady’s Nativity

The Nativity of the Virgin

Andrea di Bartolo 

A Sienese artist active from 1389 until his death in 1428. This work, part of a larger composition, is dated to 1400-1405

National Gallery of Art, Washington 

Image: nga.gov

Both of these paintings, like others of the same subject, include vignettes of late medieval domestic life from the society which commissioned and created them - in this case central Italy.

 May Our Lady,

together with St Anne and St Joachim,

pray for us

Oriel visits the Vatican

Yesterday, the Pope received in audience in the Apostolic Palace of the Vatican a delegation of members of Oriel College, led by the Provost, Lord Mendoza.

The Pope and the Provost

Image: oriel.ox.ac.uk 

The occasion was to mark two significant events. The first is that this year Oriel - the House of  Blessed Mary to Virgin in Oxford, to give its full name - is celebrating its seven hundredth anniversary of foundation by King Edward II in 1326. In July it welcomed that monarch’s 21x great grandson in the person of King Charles III who is the Visitor of the College, and there have been a variety of celebrations throughout the year.

The second event is closely bound up with the history of Oriel, and the man who is its most famous Fellow, St John Henry Newman, the Pope proclaimed a Doctor of the Church and co-patron of Education last year.

St John Henry Newman as a Fellow of Oriel 

1822-1845

Image: Venerable English College

In his address to his visitors the Pope urged Oriel to rediscover the Catholic roots of the foundation, and to follow St John Henry in pursuing truth courageously and to see education as the formation of the whole person.

The Oriel College website reports on the visit with quotations from the Provost’s address at Provost leads delegation to meet Pope at Vatican

Vatican News has more of the Pope’s address 

at Pope to Oxford’s Oriel College: Seek truth, promote integral anthropology

His Holiness’ points are good and apposite, and will in my opinion, hopefully fall on fertile ground. My experience of Oriel was that those three factors were there and perhaps more so than in some, maybe many, other colleges in Oxford. Let us hope Papal encouragement will lead to positive growth in these matters.

May Our Lady continue to pray for Her House in Oxford and all Orielenses

Floreat Oriel!

The Battle of Worcester 1651

Today is the 375th anniversary of the battle of Worcester in 1651, and the city and reenactment groups are holding a series of events to commemorate the anniversary.

Worcester Cathedral from the site of Fort Royal with the modern memorial to the battle in the foreground 

Image: tripadvisor.co.uk

Wikipedia has an account of the battle at Battle of Worcester. Although it gives a good narrative of the events the references indicate that its sources are in many cases about a century old and it is perhaps in need of some revision.

The Fugitive King has a similar narrative, but presented with a more modern slant and far more illustrations. It can be accessed at The Battle of Worcester

Wikipedia has a biography of the most prominent Royalist fatality from the battle, the second Duke of Hamilton, which includes the text of his farewell letter to his wife written from the Commandery in the city, a building which still survives. The article can be seen at 

 William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton. His grave is marked by a plaque in the choir of the cathedral.

  

Following the battle King Charles II fled, very much as his great nephew Prince Charles Edward did after Culloden almost a century later. Ensuring the survival of the claimant was of paramount concern to safeguard their cause.

King Charles II in armour

Probably painted shortly after his flight to France in October 1651

Image: app.fta.art

Following a circuitous route, and many close shaves, the King finally sailed to France from Shoreham in Sussex on October 15th.

Wikipedia has a good, illustrated, account at Escape of Charles II and also a biography of the King’s most famous helper in his escape at Jane Lane, Lady Fisher

The museum at Shaftesbury in Dorset has an account of the King’s journey which can be accessed at Escape or Die 1651 - Charles II the Most Wanted Man - Gold Hill Museum

King Charles II

Miniature by David des Granges from the time of the King’s accession 

Image: wikiart 

The King and Queen visit the Bayeux Tapestry

This evening the King and Queen, accompanied by the French President and by Mr Burnham, and their wives, visited the Bayeux Tapestry exhibition at the British Museum, which opens to pre-booked visitors next week. 

The BBC News website has a report, including part of His Majesty’s speech, at King Charles, Macron and Burnham arrive to view Bayeux Tapestry at British Museum

King William I 

From the Bayeux Tapestry

Image: Wikimedia Commons

In his speech the King referred to his French ancestry as a descendant of King William the Conqueror. King William I is the 28x great-grandfather of King Charles III, and that bloodline was multiplied by Queen Eleanor of Castile, Queen Elizabeth of York, Lord Darnley, Queen Alexandra, Queen Mary, and Prince Philip (twice over in his case)

King Harold II 

From the Bayeux Tapestry 

Image: History Extra

Furthermore the King is also descended from King Harold II, who is his 30x great-grandfather through his daughter Gytha, Princess of Kviv and the royal lines of Hungary, Aragon, and France through to Queen Philippa of Hainault, the consort of King Edward III. 

From the Valois branch of the French Capetians that bloodline also entered the English, and then the Scottish, royal house through Queen Catherine of Valois, the grandmother of King Henry VII. In that case King Harold is again the present King’s 30x great-grandfather.

In addition all the Kings of Scots since 1437 have also been descended through Queen Joan Beaufort, a great-granddaughter of King Edward III and Queen Philippa, from both King William I and King Harold II.

Those bloodlines are again also repeated through Lord Darnley, Queenr Alexandra, Queen Mary and, again twice over, Prince Philip.

So for the King very much a family occasion.