Once I was a clever boy learning the arts of Oxford... is a quotation from the verses written by Bishop Richard Fleming (c.1385-1431) for his tomb in Lincoln Cathedral. Fleming, the founder of Lincoln College in Oxford, is the subject of my research for a D. Phil., and, like me, a son of the West Riding. I have remarked in the past that I have a deeply meaningful on-going relationship with a dead fifteenth century bishop... it was Fleming who, in effect, enabled me to come to Oxford and to learn its arts, and for that I am immensely grateful.


Sunday, 5 October 2025

Visigothic Eagle brooches from Spain


Two early sixth century Visigothic brooches in the form of a pair of eagles are featured in an article from LiveScience.com. The cloisonné and jewelled brooches are dated to 501-533, and are now housed in the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid.

They were discovered more than a century ago at Alovera in central Spain. There is more abou the site and a larger photograph of one of the brooches on Wikipedia at Alovera

The details of their discovery are unfortunately less well recorded than they might have been today, but they appear to have been worn as cloak fastenings by royal or aristocratic women. The eagle design appears to indicate the elite status of the wearer and the design might suggest a form of proto-heraldry.


Excavating Leicester city centre


Recent archaeological work in the historic urban centre of Leicester is outlined in an article from Artnet News

More evidence has been revealed about the Roman town which underlies the mediaeval and modern city. The work has also revealed evidence for the medieval market place and its associated municipal buildings, including a grim prison, and even indications of the post holes for medieval market stalls.


New evidence from the Shroud of Turin?


The Zenit website recently had a report about further research into the image on the cloth and suggesting that the front teeth of the lower jaw are visible in a way consistent with the effect of a burst of energy.

The main argument from that is that what is depicted on the cloth are indeed the effects of a release of radiant energy at the moment of Resurrection.


Saturday, 4 October 2025

The Archbishop of Canterbury designate


The announcement yesterday of the nomination of Dame Sarah Mullally as the next Archbishop of Canterbury caught the headlines amongst so much else. I was a little surprised, having thought that the Anglican powers-that-be would perhaps wait until the next appointment to Canterbury or York to advance a woman.

It is now over twenty years since I left the Church of England, and then from a strongly Anglo-Catholic position. Such an appointment no longer concerns me directly. 

However the Church of England is part of our constitution and national establishment, and that fact is appreciated by people who are Catholics in full peace and communion. 

I still have Anglican friends and am aware of an Anglican tradition that cannot be happy with this appointment and what it implies, and who, dare I say it, are running out of sand in which to bury their heads like ostriches.

Dame Sarah’s views are mixed on issues where faith and contemporary social issues meet. She has, perhaps as a former nurse, been steadfast in her opposition to the Assisted Dying Bill. Less reassuring are comments she has made, which are both worrying, as well as gnomic, on abortion  and same-sex blessings.

The media stress  is on her being the first woman to be nominated to the Primacy of All England - no-one has yet found a transgender predecessor. During the discussions about the Church of England legislating for ‘Women Bishops’ I remember the suggestion being made that the two Archbishoprics might be reserved for men as a concession to unity and the idea of ‘male headship’ if and when women were allowed to become ‘bishops’. That has clearly gone by the board. 

Those who speak of and fear the ‘Feminisation’ of Christianity in our society may well see their anxieties realised as the public face of the national Church becomes ‘Mother’ in God, not Father.

For Anglicanism as a whole I cannot see it going well, as has already been indicated, with Evangelicals focussed on the issue of male headship, nor with Global South Anglicans who are often of that Evangelical tradition. Another nail or two, or five or ten in the coffin of the Anglican Communion.

Ecumenical relationships may not suffer with the Lutheran churches that already have women ‘bishops’. Judging by some of the positive ‘mood music’ responses about her appointment coming out from some in Rome relations with the Holy See will doubtless continue at a polite level of meetings, but I imagine joint services at one of the Roman basilicas will be less likely. For the Orthodox there will probably be a much more substantial and suitable barrier, so a trip to the Phanar is not very likely.

In addition to those issues there is the dismal inheritance of the Church of England. The Welby years and Covid have done nothing for church attendance, many parishes feel they are being discriminated against in favour of headline grabbing initiatives to give away the Church Commissioners money, and the continuing issues around clerical and lay abuse of individuals within the Church.

This, of course, brings us back to Justin Welby. Without doubt this incompetent, self-satisfied, bullying little man has been, with the sole exception of the appalling heretic Thomas Cranmer, the worst ever Archbishop of Canterbury. That is no mean, or desirable, achievement. He is the first amongst more than a hundred predeceases  to have to resign for utter incompetence. Even the pluralist Stigand in the eleventh century was at least a patron of the arts.

Justin Welby pushed through the appointment of women bishops, finally destroying residual Anglican claims to any degree of Catholicity, turned a blind eye to abuse by his Evangelical friends, yet obstinately traduced the reputation of one of the most distinguished bishops of the twentieth century ( and there have not been many of them ) blithely went along with closing all churches in Covid - his Easter Holy Communuin celebrated on his kitchen table being the highlight, and which I know, caused one friend to swim the Tiber, and his involvement in the liturgical shambles that was the King’s Coronation.

Dame Sarah has been passed a bitter chalice, but hopefully cannot do worse. Hopefully.


Wednesday, 1 October 2025

The Restoration of the English Catholic Hierarchy in 1850


Michaelmas Day was the 175th anniversary of the restoration of the English and Welsh territorial Hierarchy and their dioceses by Bl. Pope Pius IX in 1850. This was in the bull Universalis Ecclesiae  This was to be followed by the re-establishment of the Scottish Hierarchy in 1878.

There is an account of the Papal action, and the response to it on the part of the more violent Protestant tradition in England from Wikipedia at Universalis Ecclesiae.

With this bull the Pope restored a national diocesan system - albeit with new territorial designations - that had ceased to exist with the deaths in prison at Wisbech Castle of Bishop Thomas Watson of Lincoln in 1584 and that in exile in Rome of Bishop Thomas Goldwell of St Asaph in 1585.

The original arrangement of the Archbishopric of Westminster with twelve suffragens, the dioceses based on the old Districts and Vicars acting on behalf of the Pope, has now evolved into one with five archdioceses and a total of twenty dioceses.

Unlike the quite considerable celebrations in 1950 to mark the centenary there has been little this year to mark the anniversary. However the Archdiocese of Westminster has produced a video with some account of the events of 1850 and an interview with Cardinal Nichols which can be seen at Restoration of the Hierarchy: 175 years of the Diocese of Westminster


Laus Deo 


Tuesday, 30 September 2025

Further thoughts on the origins of ‘Feudalism’


Earlier this month I linked in two posts to articles from Medievalists.net by Daniel Bachrach in which he explored the debate about the origins of “Feudalism”, and indeed whether it ever existed as historians of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries believed it had.  These two posts can be seen at Another nail in the coffin of the F word and  at Training the Carolingian army

Medievalists.net has published a third article by Bachrach which summarises a critique of key arguments in Georges Duby’s well known - and often cited - development of a Three Orders or Estates model for eleventh century society.



More for Michaelmas


Following on from my post yesterday for Michaelmas here are two pieces from websites which were published yesterday.

The New Liturgical Movement had republished another excellent article from 2018 by Gregory DiPippo about the history of the feast and with some fine illustrations, including Roger van der Weyden’s famous depiction of the Archangel from 1446-52. Unlike most later medieval images of St Michael, such as those by Crivelli I cited yesterday which show an armed figure with sword and scales, here the Archangel weighs souls dressed in cope, stole and alb.

The article can be seen at The Feast of St Michael and All Angels.

The Liturgical Arts Journal had a lavishly illustrated account by J.P. Sonnen of St Michael’s Abbey at Farnborough which was founded by the Empress Eugenie as a sepulchre and memorial for her husband the Emperor Napoleon III, for their only child the Prince Imperial, and for herself. The monastic church is a vision of late French Flamboyant architecture in rural - or suburban - Home Counties England. 

That article can be seen at St. Michael's Abbey in Farnborough, England



Monday, 29 September 2025

St Michael the Archangel


Today is Michaelmas, the principal feast of St Michael the Archangel.

The Catholic Online website says that St Michael has four main responsibilities or offices, as we know from scripture and Christian tradition.

The first is to combat Satan.
The second is to escort the faithful to heaven at their hour of death.
The third is to be a champion of all Christians, and of the Church itself.
The fourth is to call men from life on Earth to their heavenly judgment.

He is also the patron of banking, grocers, the police and the armed forces. I assume the first two came about through his attribute of the scales of judgement, and the third as being a heavenly defender of law and order, with the fourth as a further instance of his being a defender of the community of the faithful as leader of the Heavenly Host against the Enemy.

Wikipedia has a lengthy, and well illustrated account of his cult in Judaism as well as the different branches of Christianity and other faiths at Michael (archangel)

I wanted to include an image of the painting of St Michael the Archangel by Carlo Crivelli and dated to circa 1476 and now in the National Gallery. However none of the images of it on the internet would actually copy and paste. This is all part of an irritating trend in copyright over the last year or so - very frustrating. So I shall have to refer readers to the illustrated article about the panel, which comes from an altarpiece, and with expandable images, on the National Gallery website at Carlo Crivelli | Saint Michael | NG788.11 | National Gallery, London

The painting is also discussed on the Kultura website at Saint Michael - Carlo Crivelli

Crivelli produced several images of Saint Michael in his very distinctively detailed and meticulously posed style.

St Michael the Archangel Pray for us