Digital reconstruction of a medieval sculpture from Shaftesbury

The BBC News website reported upon a computer project to digitally reconstruct a shattered late mediaeval sculpture depicting the Mass of Saint Gregory which was found buried in a wall in St Peter’s church in Shaftesbury in the 1970s. 

Digital imaging of all the 170 or so fragments has enabled a beginning to be made on piecing together this once very substantial statue. It is thought to have been six feet or so high when complete.

The report can be read at Smashed medieval statue from Dorset church reformed digitally

There is more about the computer work from the experts involved at Bournemouth University at BU computer animation experts and archaeologists use digital technology to reassemble shattered statue

An idea of the considerable size of the statue can be gleaned from a film clip of the unveiling of the larger portion of the remains of the statue in Shaftesbury Museum by H.M. Deputy Lord Lieutenant. This can be seen at Shaftesbury Abbey on Instagram: "Our restored 15th century St Gregory Mass statue has been unveiled! 

Looking at what survives and the many small fragments of the whole work I am once again appalled by the ferocity of destruction wrought by fanatics in the mid-sixteenth century.

On the positive side to go and see the remains of the sculpture is yet another excellent reason for going to visit the beautiful and historic, and in some ways little known, county of Dorset.

“The work of human hands”

LifeSite News can be a rather curious site, not least for those of us living on the European side of the Atlantic, and for whom a lot of North American concerns seem, well, a bit strange. However it does cover a lot of Canadian stories, being based there, as well as ones from the US. Other stories have a wider appeal and relevance.

One such was a short article by John-Henry Weston, the co-founder and editor-in-chief of the website, which was published yesterday.

The point he is making was new to me, and as it was to him, so it is I imagine to many others. His article, which is worth looking at and reflecting upon, can be read at Did you know the Novus Ordo uses a phrase that Scripture associates with idolatry?

Today’s the day…

It not often, alas, these days that one rushes to share articles from the Oxford student newspapers. Neither Cherwell nor the Oxford Student are noted for being much more than a diary of the previous week, or in the case of the Oxford Student rehashing timeworn themes from OUSU. The next generation of Oxford novelists seem to be scribbling away elsewhere. It was therefore a pleasure to come across today the following offering from the Oxford Student - the city of dreaming spires can still deliver ….

Oxford University to abolish Classics degree – The Oxford Student

Mind you, given the destructive urges of some in the Universiry hierarchy, we may be laughing too soon….

Happy April Fool’s Day to you all.

Twenty years on

Today, March 31, is the twentieth anniversary of my reception into the Catholic Church, and, as is my wont on this important personal date, I will repost and revise accordingly my account of the reasons that led to my decision.

Originally  I wrote this piece in my early days of blogging about my reasons for being received. As the years go by I republish it with what seem to me appropriate emendations and additions.

It was on Thursday in the Octave of Easter 2005, and chosen because it enabled friends and relatives who would not have been able to attend at the Easter Vigil to be present and, in one case, to be my sponsor.

I took as my confirmation name Philip - not only the name of the founder of the Oratory and of an Apostle, but also my father's first name and one that I had always liked. So John Robert became John Robert Philip. I subsequently went to the not inconsiderable expense of adding the name by deed poll, so I can insist on officialdom recognising my spiritual journey.

As it happened, by being received when I was, I thereby became one of the very last Catholics to be received into the Church in the pontificate of Pope John Paul II - I feel I squeezed through the door of history in that respect. There are those converts who used to describe themselves as "John Paul II Catholics" or similar phrases. I am, by historic fact and by sympathy a "Benedict XVI Catholic", but, and it is a very important "but", I am a Catholic first - Popes inevitably come and go. That said I consider it an enormous good fortune for the Church and, for me as an individual member of it, to have had Pope Benedict in the Chair of Peter. His pontificate was a great blessing for the whole church, and a wonderful time in which to enter into a fully Catholic life.

As I made my decision to seek reception I codified my ideas about the matter into nine categories or groups. St Edmund Campion had his Decem Rationes which he placed so provocatively in St Mary's Church in Oxford in 1581. Mine are more personal perhaps, but, in that they may interest others, here are my Novem Rationes from 2005:

1. I believed all that the Catholic Church believed - so why was I not in full communion with it? I read the Catechism through and found nothing from which to dissent within it.

2. In particular I accepted the claims of the Papacy and its necessity in order to maintain orthodoxy and unity.

3. As a historian I appreciated the Catholic case for the nature of the Church and the Papacy, and the fact of its historical continuity - Walter Ullman's point that the Papacy is the one governing institution in the West that links the Apostolic age to the Atomic age resonates in my mind.

4. The call to Unity - not only the principal of Ut unum sint  but also the specific claims to expressing that unity with all other Catholics through the Holy See as described by the Fathers.

5. The Catholic Church is seen to act on issues contingent upon Christian belief - Life issues might be the most obvious, but there were others, and with an authentic response being made.

6. I realised that my historic sympathies were with Catholicism - which side would I have been on, or at least I believed I would have been on or wanted to be on in say, the Reformation? Well it was clear. My heart lay with the Catholic cause.

7. The state of Anglicanism was not encouraging. For Traditionalist Anglo-Catholics the situation was one of increasing isolation, and the sense that a Third Province would not be granted.

8. Much as I loved my Anglican places of worship - Pusey House and St Thomas the Martyr in Oxford - I felt that I was called to move on. I was at an age when I still could make a change, but that there was not time to delay. If this was the time, then so be it.

9. I thought that many of my Anglican friends were moving or would move into full communion with Rome. Those friendships, based and rooted in a shared spiritual life, were very important to my own spiritual development, and they were pointing all in the same direction.

Looking back from this point, twenty years later, I have never had cause to regret my decision. There is no "twenty year itch."

I still endorse those nine sets of ideas.

The last three invite some additional comments.

The Church of England has continued on its way, and has failed to have the generosity to provide for Traditionalist Anglo-Catholics. “Women bishops” have arrived and even if not quite as divisive as one expected it is because of them that many Anglo-Catholics have left. The argument that such inclusivity of personnel would lead to a national spiritual revival is seemingly as vacuous as one always thought it would be. What is so very sad to see is the decline of the “Vision Glorious” in the Church of England. It is also very sad to see so much of the life of the Anglican Church as part of our national life unravelling under incompetent leadership.

Anglicanorum Coetibus has been issued - I pray it will be successful in extending the unity of the Church to others of like faith and mind outside its formal bounds. Since 2011 we have witnessed the establishment of the Ordinariate first in England and then in the USA and Australasia. I have been able to help to support those joining it here by acting as a pro-sponsor in two cases, or simply by turning up to support their Masses, and, of course, by praying for it.

Summorum Pontificum reasserted the right to have traditional forms of the liturgy and it has been followed by a strong and positive response, and that needs to be continued - as has been said what was sacred once is sacred now. What has been achieved there needs to be maintained and defended. The success of groups such as FSSP and ICKSP shows there is a real and growing demand for traditional liturgy. I have found myself that during “lockdown” I have been increasingly drawn towards EF rather than OF celebrations. That was, ironically, confined with the publication of Traditiones Custodes. That came as a shock, but in this country it appears, so far, to have had little impact in most places, though I do have friends who have been deeply affected by it. 

I am still on excellent terms with friends from Pusey House and St Thomas', and I rejoiced at Fr Hunwicke's appointment to the latter in 2007 before he moved into the Ordinariate. It has been good to see all that is happening at both institutions for the wider Catholic cause. It was very good for my humility that they could manage and survive without me! I retain enormously happy memories of my time at both places and at also the churches I worshipped at in Yorkshire before I came to Oxford.

Nonetheless I increasingly find it difficult to see why more people in the Anglo-Catholic tradition are not availing themselves of all - and it is so much - that is offered by the Ordinariate. It is all they have ever said they wanted or indeed hoped for - bar, possibly, taking their church buildings with them, and, though I can sympathise in that matter to a great extent, but not to the exclusion of what ultimately matters.

As to my friends - well, I was the second of our group to make the move, and three more followed in the next eighteen months. Two of those married and I have had the privilege of being on three separate occasions proxy-godfather to their children. In the following years two other married couples and their families were received. More recently two other friends from those years made the journey. Four of the men have been ordained to the priesthood.

Along the way I have made many other new friends amongst those converting, and I have been made very welcome in my new spiritual home. I was extremely lucky to have the Oratory and also SS Gregory and Augustine and Blackfriars as places in which to worship regularly in Oxford. The last year has made me more familiar with FSSP and ICKSP churches both here in this country and worldwide - including ‘virtually’ attending Mass on occasion in Switzerland, Mexico, the US and Australia - and that helps to remind one that the Catholic Church is truly Universal. In 2021 I was enabled by Zoom to attend the Priestly Ordination in Washington DC and subsequently the First Mass in his home parish in New Orleans of a young Dominican I had taught in Oxford. That is in addition to physically being present at several such Ordinations, Masses and Professions here in Oxford, Bournemouth, Chelmsford and London. The Catholic Church is attracting some truly excellent young men to its priesthood.

It was as a Catholic that I was able to attend the Beatification of John Henry Newman in Birmingham in 2010 which was a great joy. I feel my journey, my Apologia ( were it ever written ), owes not a little to his influence and intercession.

Being a Catholic has opened up so many opportunities for worship, devotion and understanding - not to mention contact with so many people and places - that I could never have imagined possible beforehand. There is a new sense of belonging, of that which is dignum et justum, from that time on. What happens in time and space also happens in Eternity. For all of that I have a profound gratitude. 

Soon after I was received a friend and I likened the process of conversion and reception not to swimming the Tiber, but to paddling across - when we reached the opposite bank we found friends waiting in the deck-chairs to hand one a towel to dry one's feet and then to hand you a missal or breviary to read as you sat down to watch who would be next to come over.

May St Philip Neri, St John Henry Newman and all the saints continue to pray for me, and for those seeking their home in the Church.

For a bit more background see also my post Ten years ago from 2014.

Book review : King Edward IV as a military commander

As today is the anniversary of the battle of Towton it seems a not inappropriate day upon which to share a review I wrote of a book about the victorious King Edward IV and his role as a military commander. Looking at the other reviews on Amazon of the book the reviews are either very positive or rather dismissive. For once I sought a via media…..

Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses

David Saniuste   Pen and Sword Military 2011

A useful study that stimulates thought

This is a useful book for the specialist and the non-specialist alike. It is valuable for its account of both warfare at the time and in its reconstructions of individual battles. These are excellent, informed, and considered descriptions, bearing in mind how limited are the original accounts. For these Santiuste draws extensively upon up to date interpretations. In all that I would agree with the positive views of most of the reviews, but would enter a few reservations about other things.

Like too many books on this period there seems to be an implicit bias that the Yorkists were ipso facto good because they were successful. Edward IV is not just the subject of the book but starts to become the hero. The same material could show that although he was successful he was in many ways reprehensible.

Edward could turn on the charm, he and the Yorkists were good at the fifteenth century version of PR, but, given the opportunity, he was often ruthless and indeed vicious in dealing with opponents. What we do not necessarily know is why he pardoned some, and what his thinking was in these cases. This is where evidence is, alas, lacking.

The idea behind the book is good - but we need more information to make the picture more complete. So not just Edward as being a successful leader because he won battles, but evidence appears to be lacking as to what made him so - not just being 6’3”, firing up his troops with morale boosting speeches and interpretations of the three suns at Mortimers Cross, and fighting in the heat of the fray. As to the battles he won - how much did luck and the weather feature as determinants at Towton and Barnet, let alone treachery at Northampton? Equally he was wrong footed on the military-political front several times in 1469-70. What we lack is more insight into to his training, formation or natural ability - its lack is not the author’s fault but it limits what he can really say.

Did Edward IV improve his military resources in terms of recruitment, organisation or weaponry? There is something on artillery, but was he significantly in advance of contemporaries such as Charles of Burgundy and Louis XI, though in this aspect he avoided the fate of James II of Scots. What was his impact, if at all, on warfare? Did he have time to think about strategy and tactics in the period up to 1471 when he was actually fighting battles? What, if anything, was his input into his brother’s 1482 campaign against the Scots? Questions like this are largely unanswered, and probably unanswerable.

Inevitably this tends at times to become another biography of the King rather than to fulfil its laudable aim of analysing his military competence and achievement. We see how Edward IV won battles but not necessarily why.

Posted 11.12.2022

The Battle of Towton remembered

I usually post something on this day to mark the anniversary of the battle of Towton in 1461. On this 564th anniversary I realised that over the years I have written a considerable amount on this blog about Towton, and think that rather than spending time copying and pasting links to all these pieces I have written it is easier to suggest that if you want to look at them, readers should go to the search facility, at the bottom of the side bar and simply type in “Towton”, and be taken to a varied set of articles.

Next year is  not only the 565th anniversary, which trips off the tongue more easily, but it will actually fall on Palm Sunday. Maybe someone will organise more to commemorate the events of that bloody and terrible day for that reason alone. It will be the fortieth anniversary of the first of the Anglican rite Requiem Masses I organised in Saxton Church, where the churchyard contains the bones of many of the slain. 

In those intervening years, we have learned considerably more about the battle, notably with the excavation of the burial pit at Towton  Hall, and the comprehensive scientific study of the remains of the victims. It now looks as if the profile.of the chapel commissioned by King Richard III in 1484 has been identified, embedded in the later buildings of Towton Hall. A further significant discovery were the remains of handguns used by some of the troops at the battle. Whether these were English, or perhaps Burgundians fighting with the Yorkists or French on the Lancastrian side, is not clear. 

In one of my previous posts, I speculate on how far reaching the significance of the battle is. For those who were there, it was clearly very significant indeed. For many it was their last day of life. For the victorious Yorkists it inaugurated almost a quarter of a century.of often tenuous power, for the Lancastrians the horror of defeat, exile, and, for many, subsequent violent deaths. it certainly did not resolve the political problems of the realm and in many ways could be seen as exacerbating them. Without the battle of Towton, there would not have been the subsequent battles of Tewkesbury and Bosworth, and probably a very different political history for the country right down to the present day. Would there have been the English reformation, the Union of the Crowns, the Civil War? We cannot know but what happened on the field of Towton changed, one way or another, the course of British history. 

I usually end these posts on this day by asking readers to join me in praying for the repose of the souls of all those who fought and those who died at Towton in 1461.

Render unto God …

A simmering row has erupted once again in the Wesleydale village of Askrigg following the revelation of the newly rendered fifteenth century tower of the mediaeval parish church. The result of the work is that the tower now gleams in the sunlight in a shade which projectors refer to as white and the church says is honey toned. The story first broke almost a year ago when the work was proposed as was reported by the Daily Telegraph in All Creatures Great and Small church in renovation row

Now, with the work completed, to the dissatisfaction of many, the story has been covered again by the paper in Unholy row after 15th-century church tower given brilliant white makeover

I have not visited the church as Askrigg, which looks to be a classic example of a Yorkshire Pennine church of the fifteenth or sixteenth century - a style often associated with the area of Craven but actually found both north and south of Craven itself. The rebuilding of so many of these churches in the period points to prosperity from sheep rearing and the cloth trade as well as cattle rearing. The churches are a rather austere equivalent of the wool and cloth churches of East Anglia and Somerset.

Parishioners and visitors are used to the grey stone of these buildings. However, it is not as good a building stone as is found in other parts of Yorkshire and the rather rough masonry probably needs an extra layer of protection through rendering. According to the Vicar the tower at Askrigg was rendered until the Victorian restoration. At that time external rendering was often enthusiastically removed, as so very often, was internal plaster. The results, both internally and externally, continue to leave the churches with a scraped look. It is perhaps very likely that the newly rebuilt church at Askrigg in the fifteenth century gleamed  in the sunlight rather as its tower does once again. 

Medieval buildings using rough stone that did not cut into ashlar blocks often used rendering to make them weatherproof and to enhance their appearance. Thus it was that the White Tower in the Tower of London was limewashed, and its distinctive appearance stands out in the well-known fifteenth century depiction of the Tower in Charles of Orleans’ collected poems. Castles like Totnes in the twelfth century or King Edward I’s Conwy and Harlech at the end of the thirteenth century stood out in the landscape with their limewashed white walls, and still show traces of it today. A later example in Conwy is the relatively recently restored rendering of the great Elizabethan town house of Plas Mawr,

In Oxford a very familiar landmark is the tower of St Michael at the Northgate. Built about.1040 it now stands displaying its rough  Anglo-Saxon masonry and quoins to the viewer. However before the enthusiastic Victorian restorers got to work it was crowned with battlements, and not the plain low parapet they created, and it seems clear from drawings and paintings the tower was rendered. Once I took this on board I never looked at the tower in the same way. It cries out to have its exposed stonework rendered, its quoins and windows emphasised and its battlements restored. Frankly it is a grand old lady left standing half-dressed before the common gaze.

Archaeological work has revealed that the abbey and cathedral built at Hexham by St Wilfrid in the seventh century was rendered with a pink covering - anticipating perhaps the ‘Suffolk Pink’ of later centuries. Such a church would certainly have stood out in the agrarian landscape of the Tyne valley.

So whilst I can appreciate that for the people of Askrigg the change to their church is dramatic it appears that it is in fact a restoration to what it would once have been.

More on the Episcopal ring from Norfolk and other finds

I recently posted about the discovery and forthcoming sale of a fine late twelfth or early thirteenth century episcopal ring found in Norfolk in my article A medieval episcopal ring found in a Norfolk field

The ring reappeared on the Internet earlier this week as it was due to be auctioned, along with other antiquities found by metal detectorists as is reported in Medieval Ring Worn by an English Bishop Leads a Jewelry Auction

The article also discusses another item of jewellery that is due to be auctioned with it. In this instance it is a mourning ring, one of a set commissioned by the seventeenth century Lord Chief Justice Rainsford of the King’s Bench for his sisters in law. My eye lit on this because many years ago I knew one of his descendants and arranged to include a visit to his memorial in a church near Northampton on a study tour I was organising. The lady concerned died a while ago but she would, I am sure, have been fascinated by this discovery,

The auction has now taken place and the episcopal ring sold for a little more than was anticipated. As I wrote beforehand hope it ends up in a museum or similar collection that enables the public, as well as researchers, to see it. The report on the sale can be seen from BBC News at Medieval ring found by Norfolk detectorist fetches £19k

King James I and VI

Today is the four hundredth anniversary of the death of King James I and VI.

In recent years, there seems to have been renewed interest in his life and reign both as King of Scots and as King of England, even if this is sometimes you somewhat sensational nature reflecting contemporary interests and enthusiasms. His reign in England at least is perhaps now  seen as more than an interval between however one views the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and however one views the reign of King Charles I.

Much of the interest of his life and reign is brought out in an article which turned up in my inbox this morning. It is by Ed West of The Wrong Side of History and offers a useful perspective on the King. His quotations are entertaining and insightful, although it is perhaps a pity that he did turn to any other contemporary historian than Peter Ackroyd. 

In his discussion of the monarch’s attempts to create a sense of a greater Britain I was sorry to see no mention of the proposal for him to take the title Emperor of Britain. As I understood it the emphasis on King James’ slovenly appearance derives from the memoir of one disgruntled courtier, but West suggests more sources. A number of his stories were new to me, including Queen Anne ( or Anna ) shooting the royal pet dog and King James’ views on women clergy. 

One event which is not mentioned which must have been profoundly upsetting to the Royal family was the death of Henry Prince of Wales. This occasioned much grief not only within his family but to the wider nation. It must remain one of the great.”what  ifs” of British history, and I sense that King Charles I lived the rest of his life thinking about what his more confident and out-going elder brother would have done. I posted about those ideas in 2012 in Henry Prince of Wales and in 2013 in The Lost Prince

The article on King James, which is well worth perusing, can be read at The First Briton

  

A new theory about the Sutton Hoo Helmet

The BBC News website has a report about the latest theory concerning the origin of the Sutton Hoo helmet. Hitherto this has been associated with eastern Sweden, but the discovery of a die-stamp on the island of Taasinge ( Tåsinge ) which lies just south of Funen in Denmark, may indicate that the helmet originated there. The article discusses the various possibilities based on the currently available evidence, and what it might signify about the political, cultural, and trading links between East Anglia, Denmark and Sweden in the seventh century. 

The illustrated article about the find can be seen at Sutton Hoo helmet may actually come from Denmark, archaeologist suggests

Wikipedia has an account of the island where the find was made at Tåsinge

Cluny

 

A while back I posted Cluny Re-envisioned about the great Burgundian monastic church.

Now I have found a longer and more detailed video account from Easy Documentary about the building of Cluny III that is exceptionally interesting.

It looks in particular at the technology involved and developed by the community at Cluny to create this spectacular, and innovative  monastic church.in the late eleventh and early twelfth century.

The video, which utilises digital imagery interspersed with interviews with academics can be seen at Cluny Abbey: Building the Largest Church of the Middle Age - Full Documentary

My visit in 2014 was one of most memorable of my life, my interest originating in the fact that my home town had a Cluniac priory founded in 1090. Alas there is even less above ground - there than there is at Cluny, but I could recognise a number of distinct similarities at Cluny and at Paray. This is indicative of Cluniac style and shared design - the monks there anticipated group branding. My post about that visit can be seen at Cluny

I have also posted about the great Abbots who established the monastery at The Holy Abbots of Cluny and about the destruction of the church in A crime against Humanity

Unfortunately in these older posts the photographs have not downloaded, but I think the text is still of sufficient interest without the illustrations.

Medieval vegetables we have lost

Whilst doing my online grocery shopping I was distracted by a video from Medieval Times Discovered about fifteen vegetables that have largely or entirely vanished from modern kitchen, but which were widely used in the medieval centuries. Some were valuable as supplements to diets in winter or times of famine. Most were valuable sources of minerals and made for healthy eating. I was aware of quite a few but it added to my knowledge of what was available. The comments do give examples of the continuing use of these vegetables in Europe, and another’s, such as dandelion leaves.

The video, with a slightly irritating jokey commentary which is a bit off-putting, can be seen at 15 Forgotten Vegetables Medieval Farmers Grew That NEED to Come Back

If you want to try them today I think you will have to get out and get gardening, unless you have a very specialised greengrocer, or live deep in the countryside with unmown grass verges. You would certainly be wasting your time enquiring in a supermarket…

Book review: The Paston family and their letters

Blood and Roses: The Paston family and the Wars of the Roses

Helen Castor   Faber and Faber 2005

An everyday story of fifteenth century folk

This is an excellent book which is eminently suitable for the student of the period or for those with a general interest in life in the fifteenth century, or even as an introduction to the uninitiated. I agree with other reviewers about its general readability and that it engages the reader in the story of the rise and tribulations of the Paston family.

The letters themselves, with their immediacy and mix of legal matters and contemporary politics together with affairs of the heart, family bickering and requests for shopping, make their writers come alive. This book integrates that material into a narrative in which the Pastons and those they interacted with really step out from the page as people one can understand and visualise as being as human and complex, as vulnerable and as hopeful as ourselves. The intervening five and a half centuries slip away and we feel ourselves to be observers in the Paston household in Norwich, their manor houses, the contested castle at Caistor or in London, at court or in court, or at Calais. Although not unique the Paston letters are unsurpassed as a collection and they remind us of how theirs was a literate as well as a litigious society, and make us regret more such family papers do not survive.

One slight criticism that could be made is that the account of the historical background at times moves a little too briskly and the fates of some who were involved in the Paston’s property disputes are not recorded. Thus the executions of the Earl of Oxford and Sir Thomas Tuddenham in 1462 and Sir Philip Wentworth in 1464 whilst not recorded in the letters cannot have passed the family by without some degree of interest.

This is a book that is human and humane, and by no means lacking in the humour of daily existence.

Posted on Amazon  28.3.23

A new book in the Bodleian

I spent a considerable part of this morning and afternoon attending an online symposium at the Bodleian Library. It was devoted to a book the Library has recently acquired. Now there is nothing unusual in that - as Bodley’s Librarian pointed out in his opening remarks the Library takes in something like a thousand books every day. This one however is exceptional.

An illuminated manuscript French translation of the New Testament produced to the highest standards of the day in the Parisian ateliers during the last quarter of the thirteenth century it was acquired before 1350 by the future King Jean II, who inscribed his name in it as a sign of ownership. It may have come to England as a result of the King’s captivity after the battle of Poitiers in 1356, or, perhaps more probably, with his granddaughter Queen Joan of Navarre, who married King Henry IV in 1403. The application of ultra-violet light has revealed the erased names of later English owners - Thomas, later Duke of Clarence, his stepson Edmund Beaufort, Count of Mortain and later Duke of Somerset, who then gave it to his stepfather’s youngest brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. Duke Humphrey - or Humfrey - was, of course, a seminal figure in the development of what became the Bodleian Library, and a significant patron of learning and literature both established Latin and French texts and the latest Italian Humanist versions. The volume appears to have disappeared after Duke.Humfrey’s death in 1447 before reappearing in the eighteenth century. Thanks to a government ban on its export it has now been acquired and given a permanent home in the library its last royal owner so clearly supported and valued.

The symposium offered a series of fascinating talks about the book, which is on show in the Weston Library, and, as of today,  also available in digitised form online at Bodleian Library MS. Duke Humfrey c. 1

The full Bodleian catalogue entry with the various recovered inscriptions can be seen at MS. Duke Humfrey c. 1 - Medieval Manuscripts

The Bodleian website illustrates two of the miniatures and lists the impressive array of contributors to the symposium at From Jean le Bon to Good Duke Humfrey

The book itself and the symposium provide and provided a fascinating insight into the cultivated literary tastes and patronage of princes either side of the Channel between the last years of St Louis and the mid-fifteenth century.

Wikipedia has an illustrated biography of the Duke at Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester

 

Humphrey Duke of Gloucester

Fifteenth century portrait by an unknown artist Library of St Vaast, Arras

Image: Britannica

 

Conflict at Amesbury Priory

 

A short article on the Medievalists.net recounts the troubles that beset the communal life of the nuns of Amesbury in Wiltshire at the turn of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It can be read at The Kidnapping Scandal at Amesbury Priory

Despite its slightly sensationalist style, reminiscent of Coulton the story is intriguing and the article sent me to the detailed Wikipedia account of the history of the foundation at Amesbury Abbey. It also sent me to the comprehensive history in the Victoria County History of Wiltshire vol iii (1956) which can be seen at Houses of Benedictine nuns: Abbey, later priory, of Amesbury

These give more detail about the disturbing events at the monastery in these years and of the troubled times of the Prioress, Sibyl Montague. It is necessary to read all three accounts to begin to assemble a clear picture of the events that are described. That said they all seem to miss out the political context of the events at the time of the Epiphany Rising of 1399-1400 - also also possibly in respect of the calendar regarding Archbishop Arundel who did not return from exile until midsummer 1399.

 

Putting the evidence together it appears as if the former Prior took advantage of the situation when the Prioress had inevitably lost the support of her brother John, third Earl of Salisbury, and closely identified with King Richard II, with his execution at Cirencester in the wake of the failed Epiphany uprising. A high profile monastic house for either men or women was closely enmeshed in the political and social world of its day.

Amesbury, claimed by Malory in the Morte d’Arthur as the place of retirement of Queen Guinevere, enjoyed a high profile as a house of the Fontevrault sisterhood and as the home chosen by, or for, various female members of the Royal house. This gave the monastery prestige, and these ladies appear to have retained their own high status within the convent and Order. A woman of aristocratic birth like Sibyl Montague would doubtless fit in well in such a community. The whole story of the abbey and the later priory is fascinating, and worthy of a full history on its own.

The only evidence above ground today of Amesbury Priory is the parish church. Wikipedia has an account of the building at Church of St Mary and St Melor, Amesbury and the VCH article also discusses the original status of the building. It is certainly not a typical rural parish church, as I realised when I visited it many years ago. On the basis of the physical evidence and the record evidence as well as the observations of antiquarians it looks as if it was the church for the original community of nuns and then after 1177 was assigned to the community of priests and for the use of the parish, and that a new nuns church and claustral buildings were erected to the north, close to the successor country house known as Amesbury Abbey.

Possible portrait of Lady Jane Grey - a postscript

Following on from my recent post about the return to Wrest Park of what has been in the past, and is now once again, being considered to be a contemporary portrait of Lady Jane Grey,

The Art Newspaper has now drawn attention to the fact that thisidentification was being advanced almost twenty years ago in connection with a major the 2007exhibition on portraits of the period.

The article can be seen at Revelation over last surviving portrait of England’s ‘nine day queen’ was made 20 years ago, art historian says

The evidence that the portrait has undergone significant damage and repainting as perceptions changed as to the status of the sitter makes me wonder if the simple white coif was substituted for the more elaborate French hood as an indication of what she wore to her execution.

The Galloway Hoard in context

I have posted several times about the Galloway Hoard, deposited within a long lost timber building about the turn of the ninth and tenth centuries and which was found in Kirkcudbrightshire in 2014

The magazine Discover has an article which draws upon the recent deciferment of the runic inscription on an arm bracelet which identifies the hoard as the property of a community. It then sets out, guided by an expert from the National Museums of Scotland, to offer an interpretation of various aspects of the carefully buried objects and whether the objects were loot concealed by Vikings or if they might be wealth garnered through trade with or by the Vikings in an area whose political allegiance was shifting between different rulers at the time.  

The article can be read at Mystery Solved for the Galloway Hoard Runes of the Viking Era

Skeletons from Stirling Castle

I came upon a new video from the History Hit website about the interpretation of three skeletons found in what appears to be the site of the original chapel in Stirling Castle. They have been carbon dated to the period 1296 to 1357, which puts them in the time of the Scottish War of Independence down to 1328, or the later conflict in the 1330s when King Edward III backed Edward Balliol in his partially successful attempt to gain the Scottish crown against the minority government for King David II. I would imagine the more likely time that these individuals died was in the period up to the siege of Stirling Castle that culminated in the battle of Bannockburn in June 1314. All three skeletons show extensive signs of trauma at the time of death, and this is brought out very well by the expert’s analysis of the bones and the damage they had sustained. 

There may be the possibility from the evidence of slight genetic abnormalities that the three  were related. There is also a case made that they were of sufficient rank or status to be buried within the chapel, and presumably at a time when it was not possible to remove bodies to the nearby parish church or to a family estate.

It will be interesting to see what further  historical DNA testing or scientific tests may reveal about these three individuals or indeed if they can be identified as happened with another skeleton found at Stirling who turned out to be an English commander from the fourteenth century. I do not know if the fragmented nature of the skulls would allow for facial reconstructions.

The video can be seen at Medieval Skeletons Reveal Brutal Final Moments

It makes for some quite gruesome but very interesting watching.

Bbok review: Reassessing ‘Butcher’ Tiptoft

Sir John Tiptoft: 'Butcher of England': Earl of Worcester, Edward IV's Enforcer & Humanist Scholar

Peter Spring. Pen & Sword Military. 2018

A valuable study marred by trivial errors

John Tiptoft Earl of Worcester is famous for two things - as the ‘Butcher of England’ as Constable of the realm and as one of the first English humanists. This book is the first about him in virtually eighty years and bridges the gap between those two not inconsistent aspects of his life.

It is a valuable addition to fifteenth century studies for both the academic and the wider interested public - and it is not about Richard III - whom the author ventures ( brave man ) to see as guilty….

Spring draws attention to much that is new or specialised - the importance of Tiptoft as a government minister in the 1450s and again in the 1460s - his studies in Italy, his apparently Italianesque house at Brassingbourne, and the events in Ireland that surround the execution of the Earl of Desmond in 1468.

A lot of research has gone into this book and it has an excellent bibliography.

Having said all that it seems a little churlish to turn to the limitations of the work. As a book it needed better copy editing - we have Dartmouth for Dartford several times, Lionel of Clarence is said to be the son, not the brother of John of Gaunt, surnames not always consistent, and as with so many books it is awkward in its use of ecclesiastical church terminology - most notably several references to the “coronation” of Archbishops of Canterbury….

At times the style gets too tabloid - words such as “schmooze” and “nincompoop” irritate, as do the use of Brexit analogies which are pushed too far and are too simplistic.

Too often the text is repetitive as to stressing Tiptoft’ importance and abilities.

On the whole I would be very positive. Much in the book is not easily available. There is new material, it is wide ranging, informative, evocative of Tiptoft’s era. It is a rounded view of one man’s life and of his times, its culture in all senses. The analogy it makes with Thomas Cromwell is thought provoking.

Does Peter Spring make Tiptoft human? Yes. Does he make him likeable? Probably not.

Originally posted on Amazon on 3.7.2021

How not to represent the Norman Conquest

My last post was about historical costume based on records from the thirteenth century. Before moving on to other topics, and quite by chance, I came upon a video about historic dress as it is so often misrepresented by film and television makers from the Welsh Viking. Its creator is an archaeologist and a re-enactor of early mediaeval military life. Those of his videos I have seen are well researched and informative.

 

His latest one was inspired by the forthcoming television series.”King and Conqueror” about the events of 1066, and revolves around the two central figures of King Harold II and King William I. Based upon a series of pre-transmission photographs the Welsh Viking proceeded to do one of the most devastating critiques of the costumes assigned to the leading characters. Indeed it was a veritable hatchet job on the production values, worthy of any combatant at Stamford Bridge or Hastings.

The numerous comments from online viewers are entirely supportive of what he is saying about the glaring errors in the costumes and armour of the characters. I certainly felt, had I ever been inclined to watch the series, that it definitely is not worth it.

The video can be seen at The Costuming in "King and Conqueror" Looks Terrible. Like, Really Terrible.

Dressing a thirteenth century Countess of Leicester

Medievalists.net has a short article about the clothing recorded as having been purchased for Eleanor de Montfort, Countrss of Leicester, in 1265, the year which saw the death of her second husband Simon, and their eldest son, Henry, at the battle of Evesham. The youngest child of King John, and hence sister of King Henry III, by birth and marriage she was at the centre of the political disputes which dominated the middle and later years of her brother’s reign.

The article, which has a useful and impressive come on by the mini bibliography as well as links to other articles on medieval women’s attire, can be seen at Inside Eleanor de Montfort’s Lavish Medieval Wardrobe

Wikipedia has a biographical account, with all the appropriate links, of the Countess, at Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester

John Maddicott’s acclaimed biography of Earl Simon discusses the fact that the Montforts wore russet or similar simple fabrics when at their country estates and castles as, he argues, an aspect of their lifestyle influenced by Franciscan ideals. He also makes the point that Countess Eleanor was still keen on her finery, as per Adam Marsh’s letter. If this choice of simple attire was a conscious choice then it was perhaps rather more than the thirteenth century equivalent of “smart casual” or “dressing down ”, or indeed modern photographs of aristocrats posing in immaculately ironed jeans and tee shirts in the grand rooms of their ancestral homes for newspaper articles.

Gypsum burials in Roman Yorkshire

In my home area a feature of third and fourth century Roman funerary practice were gypsum burials in which the deceased person was placed in a stone coffin which was then filled up with liquid gypsum - what we would call Plaster of Paris - and then interred.* This may have been because the gypsum could be made from the rocks of the  magnesium limestone ridge which runs north to south through the area, and along which run the lines of several major Roman roads. The coffins tend to be robust, cut out of millstone grit from the area to the west.

Such gypsum burials are not uncommon in England, but the highest concentration is in and around York. Similar burials have been found in Europe and North Africa.

Investigators in York have pioneered research by means of scanning of a number of these burials.

The BBC News website has now reported about a new study that is being undertaken into twenty two of these burials that have been found in or close to York ( Eboracum ), Castleford ( Legiolium or Lagentum ) and Doncaster ( Danum ). Because of the gypsum details of clothing as well as of the body are recorded - analogous to the casts of victims from Pompeii.

The investigation and its potential is introduced at Project investigates mysterious Roman burials in Yorkshire

The York Museums Trust website has an illustrated catalogue entry about a child’s burial discovered in the nineteenth century, which has clear evidence of the shroud material which can be seen at Gypsum Burial | York Museums Trust

An earlier BBC News report from 2023 can be seen at Details of 'unusual' Roman burial ritual revealed by 3D scans

The Smithsonian Magazine has an article about the Roman practice and the modern research at Why Did the Romans Cover Bodies With Gypsum?

The recent discovery of a gypsum burial during work on the A47 near Peterbough is covered by The History Blog at Roman gypsum burial in stone coffin found during highway construction and by Popular Mechanics at Archaeologists Are Stumped After Finding a Peculiar Liquid Burial in an Ancient Roman Cemetery

There is a more detailed archaeological report about the burial and the others associated with it from Headland Archaeology at Roman cemetery uncovered on the A47 Wansford to Sutton dualling scheme

* I do not think this is a service still provided by local undertakers.

A medieval episcopal ring found in a Norfolk field

One of my regular readers has very kindly forwarded to me an article in today’s Daily Mail about the discovery and impending sale at auction of what appears to be a striking medieval episcopal ring.

The ring was found by a metal detector in a field at Shepdham in central Norfolk and it is dated to the late twelfth or early thirteenth centuries. It is known that by the early thirteenth century the bishops of Ely had a manor house at the village, so the likelihood is that the ring has an Ely provenance.

The central stone is a sapphire and the similarity to that from the grave of Archbishop Walter de Grey, who held the see from 1215 to 1255, is made in the article. Looking at the photographs it does rather look to have been designed to go over episcopal gloves.

Presumably because it is assumed to have been lost it is not being preserved as treasure trove and will be auctioned. This is the type of item one hopes will be bought by a public institution so that it can be made available, and visible, to researchers and the wider community.

The illustrated article about the ring and its recovery can be seen at Medieval 'bishop's ring' found in field is set to fetch up to £18,000

Lady Jane Grey back in the news

The return of a portrait once believed to be of Lady Jane Grey, but then considered not to be of her, to Wrest Park has led to new research into the painting and the view that, after all, if could well be of her. Although damaged and considerably affected by restoration and apparent overpainting the panel has been dated by dendrochronology  to the period 1539 to 1571, the right time for the painting to have been done in her lifetime. The fact that it had been deliberately defaced might well suggest that happened following the events of 1553-4. The face appears to agree with written descriptions of her. The subsequent renovation might suggest that occurred when she was being presenter as a Protestant martyr, with less emphasis on her noble status as was originally the case.

In recent years what is now referred to as the

‘Streatham’, which was acquired by the  National Portrait Gallery in the 1990s, has become for the moment, the accepted contemporary image of Lady Jane. It is apparently a late sixteenth century copy by an indifferent artist of a lost original, and similar to the ‘Houghton’ portrait, which can be seen at The Tudors ~ The Houghton Portrait

The history and context of the Streatham painting is discussed on Wikipedia at Streatham portrait

Sir Roy Strong in the 1960s concluded that an NPG full length portrait was of the ‘Nine Days Queen’ but this is now universally accepted as actually being of Queen Catherine Parr.

David Starkey favoured in the 1990s a miniature now in the Yale Centre for British Art as the sole surviving image, and he is very critical of the authenticity of the ‘Streatham’ image. However the miniature has not gained universal acceptance as being of Lady Jane.

The history of these and other portraits that have been suggested as being, or possibly being, of her is set out in considerable detail by the Katherine the Queen website in the appropriate section at The Tudors

There are in fact a considerable number of candidates for being a portrait of Lady Jane, and they cannot all be of her. The real questions lie in deciding which are the more likely amongst so many candidates, many of which are copies. 

The Duckett portrait is accessible in full colour on Wikimedia at Lady Jane Grey – The Duckett Portrait.

The painting at Wrest does have resemblances to the Northwick Park painting, which may represent what the original intention of the artist was. It can be seen at Lady Jane Grey Northwick Park.

The new research on the Wrest portrait is illustrated in a series of articles from different newspapers, including the Daily Mail at The real face of Lady Jane Grey revealed?, by the Daily Telegraph at Is this the real face of Lady Jane Grey?, by the Guardian at Sole portrait of England’s ‘nine-day queen’ thought to have been identified by researchers, and by the Independent at Researchers think they’ve unearthed the only portrait of England’s ‘nine-day queen’

The more specialised source Artnet reports on the story at Is This The Only Portrait Of Tudor Queen Lady Jane Grey? 

The identification proposed for the Wrest Park portrait is challenged by J. Stephan Edwards, who has written a comprehensive study of the attributed portraiture of Lady Jane, on his well researched and presented website Some Grey Matter, and that, and much else about the life and death of Jane, can be seen at Re-Visiting the Wrest Park Portrait: A Rebuttal - Lady Jane Grey

The National Trust website for the later family home of the Greys, descendants of Lady Jane’s uncle, at Dunham Massey in Cheshire has a section on portraits of Lady Jane at 

Called Lady Jane Grey, Queen (1537–1554), possibly Lady Mary Neville, Lady Dacre (1524-c.1576)

When it comes to literary portraits Lady Jane Grey was made into a Protestant Martyr by John Foxe, and so successfully that, reinforced by nineteenth century romanticism, it remains an image that is hard to question.

One writer who has challenged the received image is the American writer Susan Higginbotham. A lawyer by training she writes historical novels about England in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as well as about the US Civil War. I have not read any so far, though I have one in my pile of books to read, but from her website it is clear that she seeks to be historically accurate and balanced in her work. That website susanhigginbotham.com is both an excellent resource to correct the failings of so many other novelists writing historical fiction and also displays a nice line in ironic humour. The ‘Humor’ section is well worth perusing.

From her various posts about Lady Jane Grey Lady Jane Grey, the Abused Child challenges the image of her as the mistreated daughter of brutish and unfeeling parents. Fifteen Aids to Grey Is a humorous, nay sharply edged, critique of the way historical novelists have written about her life. As the modern saying has it, Enjoy.

Both with the suggested portraits and the literary evidence any assessment of the ‘Nine Days Queen’ will depend to a great extent on the preconceptions and sympathies of the investigator. It is a story that is test for all interested in understanding the events of those tumultuous years.