The Year of the Three Emperors

Today is the 125th anniversary of the death of the German Emperor William I and the accession of his son Frederick III as German Emperor and King of Prussia in 1888. The new Emperor was sufferinfg from throat cancer and was to reign for only 99 days before his death in June and the acession of his son, Emperor William II. This was the Year of the Three Emperors.

There are illustrated online lives of the Emperor William I here and of the Emperor Frederick III here.

The German Emperor Frederick III

Image:Wikipedia

The significance of the short reign of Kaiser Frederick III lies in the debate as to whether or not he might, if he had lived, fulfilled the liberal expectations his ideas had raised and reconfigured the Imperial constitution and perhaps dismissed Bismarck. Opinion, as can be seen in the link above, is divided about this, and indeed as to whether such move smight have helped prevent the moves that led to the First World war in 1914. British writers have often been sympathetic to him, based in part on his marriage to the Empress Victoria, daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Empress, who after his death chose to be known as the Empress Frederick to maintain his continuing influence has also tended to receive approval from writers in the English-speaking world. The vision of a more liberal German Empire they are associated with as a couple may or may not have been realistic. Giles McDonagh's very readable life of their son Kaiser William II is less sympathetic to the couple, suggesting Frederick was rather dominated by his wife, and that she lacked the skills of her mother or eldest brother. It may be that the liberal ideas they supported were noble, but unrealisable, and indeed belonged to some extent by 1888 to an earlier era - rapid industrialisation in Germany in these years had perhaps changed the Empire such that their mid-century romantic German nationalism was now a little old-fashioned. The sense of a missed opportunity hangs over the Emperor's brief reign. This is a story with genuine elements of aprivate tragedy lived out in the public sphere.

This is reinforced by the drawn out misery of his throat cancer, diagnosed the previous year, and which led his wife, after they had attended her mother's Jubilee in 1887 to take the Crown Prince to the Italian Riviera to recuperate, and not back to Berlin. Disputes over his medical treatment as well as his absence from ths ageing father and mounting tensions with their eldest son soured relationships, and it was as a voiceless man that the new Emperor returned to his country after his accession. Despite a valiant effort on his part he was too ill to achieve much, but personal tensions within the Hohenzollerns, their relatives and the public perception of the individuals concerned were reinforced.

Prussian Coronation 1861

Today is the 150th anniversary of the Coronation of King William I and Queen Augusta of Prussia at Konigsberg in 1861. The King, who became German Emperor in 1871, was the last Prussian King to have a coronation - his son Frederick III was too ill and died after 99 days as Kaiser and King in 1888, although he envisaged two ceremonies, one as King and another as Deutsches Kaiser, and his son, William II, was dissuaded from holding the ceremony on the grounds of expense - Bismarck was not at all favourable to ceremonial, tending to see it as out of date. It is somewhat surprising, given William II's flamboyant style, that he did not insist on having a coronation.

This was the first coronation of which photographs survive, though I cannot find any online. I have seen one in a book by those eminent historians of photography Helmut and Alison Gernsheim, and there is a photograph of the Crown Princess on the day in Roger Fulford's Dearest Child. I remember seeing a series of paintings of the ceremonies reproduced some years ago in one of Sotheby's Art at Auction year reports.

I did find this picture, a painting by Adolf Menzel from 1861. The arrangement of the cathedral looks similar to that for the Norwegian coronation in 1906, with two facing thrones. The figures in red mantles are Knights of the Order of the Black Eagle:

Original: Stiftung Preußische Schlöser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg, Schloß Sanssouci, Potsdam.
© Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz