Once I was a clever boy learning the arts of Oxford... is a quotation from the verses written by Bishop Richard Fleming (c.1385-1431) for his tomb in Lincoln Cathedral. Fleming, the founder of Lincoln College in Oxford, is the subject of my research for a D. Phil., and, like me, a son of the West Riding. I have remarked in the past that I have a deeply meaningful on-going relationship with a dead fifteenth century bishop... it was Fleming who, in effect, enabled me to come to Oxford and to learn its arts, and for that I am immensely grateful.


Saturday, 31 August 2024

A Hilliard miniature of Lady Arbella Stuart


Last week Country Life had an article about a recently identified miniature of Lady Arbella Stuart. The researchers involved  have assigned it to 1592 and argue that it was painted at Greenwich Palace when Arbella and her formidable grandmother Bess of Harwick were on an extended stay at Greenwich. Arbella was a possible candidate for the English and Irish thrones as a descendant through her other grandmother, the Countess of Lennox, of King Henry VII’s elder daughter Queen Margaret of Scots. As English born this might seem preferable as a claim to that of her first cousin King James VI. Moreover Arbella’s role as a potential bride for a European suitor, and a game of diplomatic bluff, may lie behind the commission. 

Arbella’s fate was determined by her ancestry, by possible or an unwise marriage, and being in the shadow of the throne. Her personal tragedy was that she never escaped these constraints and was very much a pawn in other players political chess game.


Wikipedia has a biography of the luckless lady at Lady Arbella Stuart



Dominus Vobiscum


The New Liturgical Movement has an interesting article by Michael P. Foley which looks at one of the most frequently used phrases in the Latin Mass - and, in translation, in the vernacular liturgy  - the Dominus Vobiscum, and the congregational response. Noting its frequency in the liturgical action, and its consequent seeming insignificance, the article looks at its background and its recent translation history. It then explores its importance and how it should be understood as and when it is spoken, and what it invites the worshipper each time to reflect upon.

The article can be read at The Dominus Vobiscum


Friday, 30 August 2024

Steven Doody R.I.P.


This morning there took place in his home town of Newport in Shropshire the funeral of my Oxonian friend Steven Doody. 

Steven was one of a group of valued male and female friends I made in Oxford in my more active years there. A generation or so younger than me we bonded through a similar world view, often through shared church going, and certainly through shared meals in pubs and especially one favoured Italian restaurant. I recall many happy hours spent with him, and especially his unstinting help to me as Churchwarden in organising, during a vacancy, the celebration of Easter at St Thomas’ Oxford in 2004.

Steven died at the beginning of this month aged only 46. As a memorial, and with the speaker’s permission, I am reproducing here the eloquent eulogy given at the funeral by Steven’s school friend and fellow Oxonian, Dr Roland Enmarch, who now lectures in Egyptology at Liverpool University.

Steven Doody
16.iii.1978 – 5.viii.2024
Eulogy

I would like to begin by offering thanks to Tranters funeral directors, and to Rev. Ward and the staff of St. Nicholas’ Church, for organising this opportunity today for us to come together to remember Steven Doody, and to celebrate his life. 

And thank you all for coming here today, to show your love for our departed friend.

And may I say that all our hearts today are with Steven’s father, Dave, and his aunt, Mo, whose grief is great for the loss of a son (and nephew) of such extraordinary gifts ¬– of confidence, exuberance, great intelligence, and great love.  

I hope I can do him justice in these few words.

So, where to begin?  Well, Steven was a lover of tradition above all things, so let me be traditional and start at the beginning: I first met Steven Doody in 1989, when we both started at Adams Grammar School aged 11. Even then I think he may already have developed his trademark quizzical raised eyebrow and his uniquely mischievous way of arguing: – one of the earliest recollections I have of him was a heated argument we had over the correct way to spell the word ‘Britain’.  I am fairly sure that, in purely orthographic terms, I was in the right – but I certainly wasn’t the one who won the argument!

Fortunately, our friendship survived this first trial. And with his gift of a prodigious memory, -combined with dedicated study, Steven would soon be winning many more arguments, more fairly. And his memory really was prodigious: after the 1992 general election he spent hours in the Big School library poring over Whitaker’s Almanack –– there no was no Internet Wikipedia in those days –– and he memorised not just all the MPs of the new UK parliament, but he was also actually able to quote from memory all their majorities as well. I know this – because Steven insisted that I test him, repeatedly! 

Before long, he was achieving the same mental mastery of much of 19th and early 20th century British history, a period which frankly fascinated him, and for which he developed over the course of his life such a profound empathy: he could discourse learnedly for hours on any number of historical topics from this time, whether it be the Primrose League, the Second Irish Home Rule bill, Hedgers and Ditchers, or the question of tariff reform. He became a sure-footed master of the facts and the arguments, as well as the nuances. In later years, he wore his erudition rather lightly, but it remained a key part of who he was. 

Perhaps inevitably, in 1996 Steven became the first pupil of Adams’ in many years to go to Oxford to study History. He had already proven himself a gifted public speaker, with his forthright contributions at school to the William Adams’ Arts and Debating Society - these were already the stuff of legend. However, it was at Oxford where Steven’s rhetorical talents took wing, and where he really honed the charisma and humour that would be the hallmarks of his whole life.

I remember being rather in awe of Steven at Oxford – he successfully adopted a larger-than-life personality,  and seemed to make his whole existence into one giant artistic performance. 
He became a favourite of the student gossip columns, where he was known as ‘Thirties Throwback’ - a reference to his sense of style, and his love of old-fashioned clothes. His wardrobe was of the very finest and most elegant tweeds and cords, while accounts of his going to Ascot in full morning dress placed Steven (to me, at any rate) in an impossibly glamorous world – a star in the Oxford firmament. The press loved his look too – who can forget his popularisation of wearing rubber ducks as a fashion accessory, or the wonderful headline ‘Let’s party like it’s 1899’? 

As an undergraduate, Steven immersed himself in the world of student politics, serving in various elected capacities in the Oxford Union, and the Oxford University Student Union – but perhaps most notably he also managed to get himself elected as the leader of Oxford University’s  Conservative Association – and strikingly he went on to swiftly lead that organisation to quite unprecedented levels of national celebrity, as some of you may well remember.

That was one side of his Oxford life – and Steven’s exoteric antics are perhaps the ones most people know best.   But on a more profound level, Steven also had a very active inner life, to which perhaps fewer of us were privy. Here too, his Oxford years were crucial: in 1997, he first attended Sunday High Mass at Pusey House, and was instantly drawn to High Church Ritualism ¬– and its deep spiritual understanding – which went on to become cornerstones of his whole life.

As a terrible heathen, I may not be best placed to recollect Steven’s Pusey days. Fortunately, I have been helped here by another long-time friend and former congregant of Pusey House, John Whitehead - who sadly is unwell and cannot be here with us today. John tells me that he remembers Steven fondly as a generous and loyal friend, though he notes that Steven was a bit of a menace when swinging his incense-thurible during the mass…. 

It is only fair to add that Steven brought his love of fine clothes to his High Anglicanism: He was an authority on such things as the correct liturgical colours for Laetare Sunday, and he knew his biretta from his mozzetta from his zuchetto. In 2002, the highlight of his holiday in Rome was visiting Gamarelli the papal tailors, where he purchased episcopal purple socks (for himself), and a miniature biretta (for Tiny Bear, his teddy).

But more seriously, Steven drew a real and profound comfort from his High Anglican faith, in which he remained steadfast to the end of his life. Steven was a great believer in the power of prayer, and so at this point I should note that Fr. Barry Orford, of Pusey House, will be saying a requiem today on behalf of Steven - and Steven will also be remembered today at mass, by Fr. Alaric Lewis, in the church Steven attended for many years in Norwich, St. George’s Tombland. And I should also mention that many, many of Steven’s ecclesiastical friends have contacted me to say that they too have said masses, requiems and angeluses for Steven. 

After completing his studies, Steven stayed on in Oxford  – which he dearly loved – for some years, serving rather unexpectedly as the postmaster at St. Giles, a job he conducted with considerable flair before returning (as I think we all knew or hoped he would) to his true vocation in education. He became a teacher of History, first training in Liverpool where he is remembered with great fondness, and then working for many years at City College, Norwich, teaching sixth formers. Steven turned out to be a truly inspirational teacher – indeed his students successfully nominated him for an award for innovative teaching methods . . . which was wonderfully ironic, for such a determined traditionalist as Steven.  Unfortunately, failing eyesight began to pose increasing problems for Steven, and so eventually he had to give up this role in which he had been so successful, and which he had accomplished with such enjoyment.

Of course Steven remained fascinated by history and its infinite complexities, and in his later years even talked about embarking on a doctorate, to undertake a comprehensive study of the Liberal Unionist party from 1886-1912. Sadly, his fragile health prevented him from achieving this aim.

As I draw to a close, I want to stress just what a special person Steven was, to so many of us here and further afield, who knew and loved him.  He was a kind and generous soul, with a real gift for friendship: he had an easy way with people, effortlessly setting them at ease, and making them feel valued. His innate sense of life’s absurdities made him a natural comic, and he was adept at spreading mirth to everyone he encountered. He had a mischievous, transgressive sense of humour, always delivered with a raised eyebrow and a knowing smile.

Steven Doody was a lover of life, and he lived his life to the fullest. He followed his star, which shone brightly, if alas all too briefly, in this world. Let us hope for a better world to come.

Steven, you will not be forgotten. Rest in peace, my friend.




More on the Holy Shroud


Last week’s edition of the Catholic Herald had a useful and informative article about the recent research into the date of the Holy Shroud of Turin. This covers more than the study I linked to in my recent post The science of the Shroud of Turin

The Catholic Herald article can be seen at Shroud of Turin dates from time of Christ, scientists reveal

I think it ties in well with what I wrote the other week, that is, that when the apparently overwhelming evidence favours a conclusion, however seemingly implausible or unlikely to modern sensibilities, then it really should be given due weight and consideration. If that is done then the case for the Shroud really being what it is believed to be attains the level of the highly or very probable. It does not prove the historic claim, as nothing can ultimately prove that, but it can establish the case for probability that edges towards scientifically acceptable certitude. Of course that does depend, in many cases, on individuals - never mind the  ‘group think’ - being willing or prepared to think outside their established frame of reference. We can but hope.


Thursday, 29 August 2024

The Decollation of St John the Baptist


Today is the Feast of the Decollation of St John the Baptist.

This was a very popular subject for artistic commissions over many centuries, and with a strong tendency in the Baroque age after the Council of Trent to favour settings in an enclosed, darkened prison. These were often influenced by Caravaggio’s style and emphasised side-lit exposed male musculature and striking facial expression to show off the skill of the artist.

A striking example is this work by the Flemish or Dutch born artist Matthias Stom. There is an account of what is known of his life and of his work from Wikipedia at Matthias Stom. Appropriately as its subject is St John it is now in the National Galley of Fine Arts in Valetta in Malta. Stom carried out several commissions apparently for clients on the island, and St John would be likely as a subject.

File:Matthias Stom - The beheading of St John the Baptist.jpg

The Decollation of St John the Baptist
Matthias Stom, dated to 1640-45

Image: Wikimedia 

To add to the horror and goriness of the subject Stom has painted a bloodied sword beneath and in front of St John’s head whilst the executioner is completing his task of severing the saint’s head, sawing through the neck with a shorter knife. Historically this happened on occasion at executions, but I have not seen it depicted in art before. One might add that, as with many such depictions of martyrdoms or actual executions witnesses are shown, as here, improbably, directly in line for a significant blood spattering. 

Stom also depicted the next episode in the story with another work:



Salome with the head of St John the Baptist

Image: Wikipedia 

I do not have the date of this work or its location. The model for Salome is clearly different and older, but she wears a similar blue dress over an ivory gown to the equivalent figure in the painting of the Decollation. The head of St John in both paintings is very similar if not indeed identical, which suggests the same model or the use of a sketchbook of studies.

May St John the Baptist pray for us




Wednesday, 28 August 2024

Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Walsingham


Today, finally, metaphorically travel stained and footsore - even if from not doing the last mile barefoot from the Slipper Chapel - the Pilgrimage and its pilgrims reaches Walsingham. Canon Stevenson’s route may be circuitous, and I have certainly compounded that with my own additions, so even without my own hospital detour for two and a half months, this year has been something of a trudge.

Nevertheless, thanks be to God and to Our Lady, we have reached, at least in our hearts and minds, the Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham, England’s Nazareth, and that in the year that its liturgical celebration on September 24th, has been raised to the level of a Feast in the Ordinary Form.

Thanks to the work of Edmund Waterton and Fr Bridgett in the nineteenth century, and the remarkable restoration of Walsingham as a great place of pilgrimage, initially by Anglicans led by the redoubtable Fr Hope-Patten, and then by the Roman Catholic hierarchy, Walsingham has received far more attention by historians than the vast majority of shrines we have virtually visited since we left Glastonbury. That said much remains obscure, not least its origins, about Walsingham, and that can be just as tantalising and mysterious as the experience of going there and seeking spiritual insight. 

My previous posts about the shrine can be accessed at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Walsingham 

There are as many Walsingham as there are pilgrims to it.  It is holy, it is graced, it is different - but so too once were many, doubtless in their own way, all of the shrines we have visited on this journey. Their destruction is summed up in the verses of A Lament for Our Lady’s Shrine at Walsingham, possibly by St Philip Howard. The text of the poem and a commentary can be read at Poem of the week: A Lament for Our Lady's Shrine at Walsingham

I would however dispute with the author of the article the identity of the ‘Prince of Walsingham’ - that must be Christ and not the self proclaimed Supreme Head.

This has been a journey through ruins and sites, and, very rarely, living shrines. Yet the last century of rebirth at Walsingham, so counter-cultural in Protestant or secular England, is incredibly moving. Someone once wrote in an article that Walsingham High Street is the only one in the country where it is easier to buy a rosary than a loaf of bread. In that is summed up the wondrous nature and quality, the quirkiness and the holiness, of Walsingham. It is a place where Our Lady does great things.

I find that writing this little article makes me emotional. I feel tearful. Tears of sorrow, tears of joy. That is what Walsingham does to you.


May Our Lady of Walsingham pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all



Tuesday, 27 August 2024

Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady on the Red Mount in King’s Lynn


The penultimate shrine on this pilgrimage is now reached at King’s Lynn. The Chapel on the Red Mount is a rare survival of such a building and well worth visiting for that reason alone. It was built in 1483-5. One wonders if the redoubtable Margery Kempe visited it in an earlier form when she was living in her home town or before her seemingly impulsive decision to travel to Wilsnack in Brandenburg to the Eucharistic shrine there.

My accounts of the chapel and the tradition of devotion there can be seen at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady on the Red Mount in King’s Lynn

As we are now within striking distance of Walsingham  it is worth recalling that it was in the Catholic parish church in Kings Lynn that public devotion to Our Lady of Walsingham was first re-established in the 1890s.
 
May Our Lady on the Red Mount pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady “of Ardenbergh” at Great Yarmouth



The most easterly shrine on the pilgrimage is now reached at the Priory of St Nicholas in Great Yarmouth. This was both a cell of the Benedictine cathedral in Norwich and the town parish church. As a result the building claims to be the largest parochial church in the country. 

As I explain in my notes from previous years the centre of devotion to the Low Countries Our Lady of Ardenbergh was in a separate chapel in the churchyard. These notes can be accessed at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady ‘of Ardenbergh’ at Great Yarmouth

May Our Lady of Ardenbergh pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Monday, 26 August 2024

Our Lady of the Oak at St Martin’s in Norwich


Entering in to Norwich itself the pilgrimage goes to the remains of the church of St Martin in the northern part of the medieval city, across the Wensum from the cathedral and castle, and the main trading area.

In my earlier articles about this shrine I also wrote about the wider tradition of statues of the Virgin in trees, either commemorating an apparition or simply explained as where the statue was found. This can be accessed at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of the Oak at St Martin’s Norwich

May Our Lady of the Oak pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all.


Sunday, 25 August 2024

Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Winfarthing


The pilgrims now return to Norfolk with the first shrine to be visited that at Winfarthing which lies south of Norwich. I imagine that this attracted local pilgrims rather than people from outside the county or East Anglia. The article I wrote about rage shrine can be found through Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Winfarthing

A few miles to the east, across the county boundary in Suffolk, there was, according to Waterton a “celebrated” image of the Virgin at the church in Weston. Unfortunately he gives no further information about it and I have not found any further information about it. I assume that this too was a shrine with an essentially local appeal.The Wikipedia entry for the village has a picture of the church and some details. It can be seen at Weston, Suffolk

May Our Lady of Winfarthing and Our Lady of Weston pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Saturday, 24 August 2024

The Red Book of Ossory


An online article from the Irish Independent reports on a year long exhibition in St Canice’s Cathedral in Kilkenny of the fourteenth century Red Book of Ossory. 

There is a brief introduction to the Red Book by Wikipedia at Red Book of Ossory


It concentrates on the career of the Bishop associated with the text, the English born Richard de Ledrede OFM, who held the diocese of Ossory from 1317 until 1360/1. This included the trial for witchcraft of Alice Kyteler, disputes with the local Anglo-Irish nobility and the government in Dublin, as well as Archbishop Bicknor of Dublin, and, endowed what appears to have been of a determinedly controversial temperament, taking on the morals of the local clergy and laity, and to have, despite all the disputes, lived to a great age. 

Wikipedia has a life of the bishop at Richard de Ledrede

There are a selection of pictures of the essentially thirteenth century cathedral, one of the best preserved in Ireland, including Bishop Ledrede’s tomb effigy, at St Canice's Cathedral and Round Tower • Visitor

Wikipedia describes the cathedral at St Canice's Cathedral

Fourteenth century Kilkenny was not just the seat of an important bishopric but also of the Buler family Earls of Ormonde, one of the most active Anglo-Irish noble families, with close ties to the English court, and where the Irish Parliament in 1366 pased the Statutes of Kilkenny which legislated to try to maintain English identity in the Lordship of Ireland. This is set out on Wikipedia at Statutes of Kilkenny and in a History Today note at Statute of Kilkenny

The issues which this legislation sought to address no doubt contributed to the tumultuous episcopate of Bishop Ledrede and the compilation of the Red Book itself. In contrast to the previous century in the fourteenth century English cultural and political dominance stagnated and declined as more of the Anglo-Irish or ‘Old English’, to use later terminology, increasingly became more acclimatised to purely Irish cultural influences and practices. Kilkenny was in one of the more Anglicised areas of Ireland yet for that reason such issues mattered all the more there.


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Caversham


The Shrine of Our Lady of Caversham lies on what is historically the Oxfordshire bank of the Thames on the opposite side of the river to Reading. A popular place of devotion for many centuries until the reformation it has been revived with skill and dignity in recent decades and is a prayerful chapel attached to the early twentieth century church. The original site, further to the east, appears to have been lost to  gravel works. 

My posts about it can be seen by going to Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Caversham

May Our Lady of Caversham pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Reading


This is another addition I have made to the original list, and which I explain in my article from last year at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Reading

As I mention the medieval pilgrim would have found in the abbey a spectacular collection of relics given by King Henry I and his daughter the Empress Matilda, who gave the greatest treasure amongst these relics in the form of the hand of St James the Great. Not only does the hand itself apparently survive in the Catholic church at Marlow but the scallop shell has become an heraldic symbol for Reading.

May Our Lady of Reading pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Friday, 23 August 2024

The science of the Shroud of Turin


A report today on LifeSiteNews reprises the research published in 2022 into the dating of the Shroud of Turin. This looked at other linen fragments from the Holy Land that are dateable to the first century. The research looked at the breakdown of cellulose in the fibres, and found them to be congruent.

The article also draws attention to the issue of contamination of the Shroud fabric, or others, from the past, and the effect of that on radio-carbon dating, to the presence of Middle Eastern pollens on the Shroud and the nature of the blood stains.

Friend whose father was a distinguished Middle Eastern archaeologist once told me when discussing the Shroud that his father was strongly of the opinion that he did not 
trust carbon dating

Having read quite a lot over the years about the Shroud I am very much inclined to believe that it is what it is claimed to be.

Given the passage of two millennia no- one can ever say absolutely, with 100% certainty that it is the Shroud of Jesus, but of what in this life, let alone the past, can one be that certain? What one can aim for is that certainty - not perhaps “beyond all reasonable doubt”, let alone “with reasonable certainty“ - but that all other arguments and hypotheses are negated. That, difficult as it may be to believe that something so fragile and vulnerable could have survived for two thousand years, but that there is no other explanation.





Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Windsor


The pilgrimage now moves back to the banks of the Thames and to St George’s Chapel at Windsor.

As Waterton correctly points out the full dedication of the Chapel as laid down by King Edward III is to the Blessed Virgin, St George and St Edward the Confessor. As we saw at Winchester yesterday in the Lady Chapel there was a late medieval tradition that saw St George as being the special knight of the Virgin Mary. Over the succeeding decades Royal benefactions included several statues of Our Lady in silver, as recorded from the reigns of King Richard II, King Henry IV, and King Henry VI. This material is quoted by Waterton as is an assault on an alabaster image of the Virgin in the retrochoir in the time of King Henry VIII.

Together with other major relics of St George, the Cross Gneth from Wales and the venerated bodies of John Schorne and King Henry VI the Chapel offered much for pilgrims in the last years before the break with Rome.

My earlier articles about the Marian devotion at  Windsor, and arguing that Eton College can also be seen as part of the cultus, can be accessed at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Windsor

May Our Lady of Windsor, Our Lady of Eton, pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Thursday, 22 August 2024

Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Winchester


The next stage on the Pilgrimage is Winchester with both the cathedral and Winchester College of interest to the Marian - or any other - pilgrim.

I have written about the cathedral, the Wykeham chantry, and the surviving figures from the reredos in my previous posts, which can be reached from the one I wrote last year at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Winchester


It ocurred to me this year to draw attention to the College buildings, which have historic statues of Our Lady, and more especially the remains of its original glazing of the chapel.



Image: therosewindow.com

The remains of the Tree of Jesse from the large east window of Winchester College Chapel. The stained glass was made by Thomas Glazier in 1393 and given by William of Wyckham. The windows were removed in the nineteenth century and replaced by Betton & Evans’ skilled but disappointingly coloured replicas of the original work. Parts of the original fourteenth century work were sold, but these figures have now been returned and were reset after restoration by Dennis King in the 1950s in the west window of the Thurburn Chantry. The tones of the glass are far richer and more subtle than those of the nineteenth century replacement in the main chapel. The style of Glazier’s drawing will be immediately recognisable to those who have seen the companion figures of St John, St James and Ezekiel now in the Victoria & Albert Museum; here most of the twelve figures in the main lights are prophets and kings, all labelled except for the Virgin and Child  with the kneeling figure of Bishop Wykeham (bottom left) and St John the Baptist Christ with the kneeling figure of King Richard II (bottom right). In the tracery lights are St Peter at the heavenly gate, a mitred soul from the General Resurrection, another charming, and larger, Virgin suckling the Christ Child. This formed the centre of the window. Two adoring saints complete the scheme.

 

Text revised by the Clever Boy from the same website 


When I first saw the window I was somewhat surprised that nineteenth century propriety allowed the faithful reproduction of the suckling Virgin in the new window. This was by no means unknown in later medieval art, but disappeared in the more consciously chaste atmosphere after Trent.



May Our Lady of Winchester pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all



Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Andover


After its final journey to the north the Pilgrimage returns to the south and to Hampshire. The first shrine is another which I added, and which appears in the written record in 1466. This was an alabaster statue in the parish church in Andover. My article about it from last year can be seen at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Andover


May Our Lady of Andover pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Wednesday, 21 August 2024

Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Scarborough


This is another Yorkshire centre of Marian devotion which did not make it on to the original Stevenson list. Waterton refers to Our Lady of Scarborough, but gives little in the way of specific details. 

As far as I can see it was not in the historic parish church of St Mary but actually within the adjoining castle overlooking the North Sea. Our Lady’s Well still survives on the headland and is thought to have served the Roman coastal signal station which stood nearby. In the middle ages there was an adjacent chapel dedicated to St Mary, of which only foundations survive. This would suggest that the chapel pre-dated the building of the castle by King Henry II. The chapel and well are shown clearly on a sixteenth century map of the castle and town in Lord Burghley’s Atlas, which can be found online. There is some more information about the site and pictures at Our Lady's Well (Scarborough)


May Our Lafy of Scarborough pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Guisborough, Our Lady of Mount Grace, and Our Lady of Wensleydale

 
At this point I am moving the penultimate post from last year to this place as it fits in slightly more logically with three more Yorkshire Shrines.

The first two, Guisborough and Mount Grace are discussed in last year’s post at Marian Pilgrimage addendum - Our Lady of Guisborough and Our Lady of Mount Grace

To this pair I am adding Our Lady of Wensleydale. This is referred to by Waterton but he was unsure whether it was located at the Premonstratensian Coverham Abbey, dedicated to the Annunciation, or the Cistercian Jervaulx Abbey, which like all Cistercian houses was dedicated to the Virgin. Looking at the Victoria County History accounts of both houses I am inclined to favour Jervaulx as the foundation history of the monastery, which is cited at length, tells of the founding Abbot having a dream in which he and the monks were led by the Virgin and Child from their first home at Fors, further up the dale, along Wensleydale to their new home at Jervaulx. 

The VCH account of Jervaulx can be read at Houses of Cistercian monks: Jervaulx | British History Online


May Our Lady of Guisborough, Our Lady of Mount Grace, and Our Lady of Wensleydale pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all.


Tuesday, 20 August 2024

Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Howden, of Stamford, and of Flawford


These three medieval statues of Our Lady are additions I made to the original list. There is no evidence that they were the focus of any organised pilgrimages in the medieval period. Rather they were doubtless the focus of private devotion in their particular churches. That was no doubt as sincere as that offered at a specific place of pilgrimage. 

However as rare survivals I thought them worthy additions indicating what would have been normative in a collegiate church such as Howden, a wealthy urban church such as St Mary’s in Stamford and in a rural parish such as Flawford. 


May Our Lady of Howden, of Stamford, and of Flawford pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady in the Wall at Boston


Later medieval Boston was one of the largest and most prosperous towns in England, trading in particular with German towns and with Norway. The town had a vibrant religious life, most obviously in the building and ornamentation of the enormous and spectacular parish church of St Borolph. 

Apart from the prestigious Guild of St Mary the main focus of Marian devotion appears to have been a statue known as Our Lady in the Wall which enjoyed particular spiritual privileges.

My posts about this figure, of which little is recorded, can be found through Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady in the Wall at Boston


May Our Lady in the Wall at Boston pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Lincoln


Some writers have claimed that the city of Lincoln was the greatest centre of Marian devotion in medieval England. That claim might be difficult to substantiate, but dominated by the cathedral dedicated in honour of the Virgin, with the archway of the Stonebow, the seat of civic government, flanked by statues of the Virgin and St Gabriel at the Annunciation and with her emblematic fleur de lys overlaying the cross of St George as its city arms it is certainly an arguable case. 

The great statue of the medieval cathedral and its recent recreation are discussed in articles accessed from Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Lincoln


May Our Lady of Lincoln pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady in the Wood at Epworth


The route of the pilgrimage now moves up to Lincolnshire and adjacent counties. It begins in the Isle of Axholme in the north-west of the county at the Carthusian monastery there.

My previous articles about this shrine can be found through last year’s account at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady in the Wood near Epworth


May Our Lady in the Wood pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all

Monday, 19 August 2024

The Coronation of King Edward I and Queen Eleanor in 1274


Today is the 750th anniversary of the Coronation of King Edward I and Queen Eleanor at Westminster in 1274.

He had succeeded his father King Henry III in November 1272, but was on Crusade at the time. The new King and Queen did not return to England until just before their Coronation. This is significant in itself - unlike many previous monarchs, and some later ones,  there was no threat to an orderly succession. This is all the more striking given that it had only been in 1266 that the Baronial war had ceased in England. Apart from the more than seven year delay in crowning the child King Henry VI in 1429 this was the longest interval between accession and coronation in the history of the monarchy since King Edgar, who may have waited fourteen years, until he reached the age of ordination at thirty in 973.


This was the first coronation at Westminster since the second crowning of the King’s father in 1220. Then the ceremony had taken place in the church built by St Edward the Confessor. However King Henry III had devoted himself to creating a church worthy of the shrine of St Edward and destined to be the coronation church and site for royal burials. In 1274 the present sanctuary, transepts and crossing and the  portion of the nave containing the monastic choir stalls as far west as the Pulpitum had been built. West of that there was still the Anglo-Norman nave of the Confessor. This was not to be rebuilt until the munificence of King Richard II and King Henry V made it possible.

Much has changed at Westminster since 1274, but much has survived, both the main abbey church and the great Cosmati pavement of the Sanctuary. This following restoration and conservation is once again visible and not concealed by carpet. So last year King Charles III could see at his crowning the same floor his ancestor had seen in 1274.


King Edward I
A painting from circa 1300 on the Sedilia of Westminster Abbey.
Image: Wikipedia 

Much of the Rite would have been recognised by both monarchs, the reformation and attempts to shorten the liturgy not withstanding. I think we know less about the 1274 Coronation as it antedates the constitutional issues much discussed by historians that revolve around the 1308 Coronation oath, and on the liturgical impact of the later fourteenth century Liber Regalis.

The principal officiant was Archbishop Robert Kilwardby, the only Dominican to occupy the See, and later to be a Cardinal resident at the Curia. It is not recorded whether he had difficulties getting St Edward’s Crown straight on the King’s head. Unlike his current successor he was admittedly dealing with an open and lighter frame.

The long interval between accession and coronation, together with the new and spectacular setting, in itself proclaiming the cultus of St Edward, and the fact that here was a King bearing the name of the saintly exemplar of English Kingship can be seen as a final vindication of much that King Henry III had sought to achieve. It can therefore be seen as the opening of a new chapter in the history of the monarchy. What King Edward “the first after the Conquest” was to set out to do and to achieve, or indeed fail to achieve, was to shape the history of Crown and realm in significant new directions.


Augustus


Today is the 2010th anniversary of the death of the Emperor Augustus in the year 14AD.


The Blacas Cameo of Augustus
Dated to 20-50 AD it is now in the British Museum. Vide Blacas Cameo

Image: Wikipedia

It is surely fair to say that, with the notable and crucial exception of the Child born in obscurity at some point in the latter years of Augustus’ life in Bethlehem in the troublesome province of Jusea, none of his contemporaries so dramatically shaped succeeding centuries, and not only in the West but worldwide. We still live in a world fashioned or refracted to us in part by Augustus.

Wikipedia has a biography of him which explores not only his career but also his not infrequent changes of names and title. 

Through its good selection of portraits it shows the way in which a man who was described as not being vain about his personal appearance was studious in enforcing a standardised image of an ever-youthful princeps. He was clearly anxious to be perceived as the still youthful successor of his great-uncle Julius Caesar, and the guarantor of the Pax Romana.

The Wikipedia article can be seen at Augustus

A recent discovery by archaeologists close to Vesuvius may - may it should be said - have found his family villa at Nola in which he died. This was reported by Live Science in Villa near Mount Vesuvius may be where Augustus, Rome's 1st emperor, died

A clever, calculating, shrewd man and politician, in many ways cold and unemotional, he remains a pivotal figure in our collective consciousness and history. Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony may be more glamorous, but Augustus was the victor.

His last words were claimed to have been “Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit.” If true they convey a wry humour, maybe cynicism, but certainly self-awareness.

Suetonius recorded Augustus, when assessing his rule, saying “I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” As the Wikipedia biography says from certain lavish building schemes that was an exaggeration in terms of civic architecture in Rome itself, but as an allegory of his transformation of what had become the Roman Empire and its outward manifestation across the Mediterranean world it was not an immodest boast.

Ave Caesar!


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of the Park in Liskeard


The next detour takes the pilgrims to Cornwall and to Liskeard and the shrine of Our Lady of the Park on the outskirts of the town. My article from last year, with links to previous posts, can be seen at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of the Park in Liskeard


More information about the revival of the devotions there can be seen at The Lost Shrine of Ladyepark at Liskeard in Cornwall and in two undated articles from Independent Catholic News at A Cornish pilgrimage to Ladye Parke, Liskeard and at The lost shrine of Liskeard

May Our Lady of the Park pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of All Hallows Barking by the Tower


This is a shrine which I have interpolated to the original list compiled by Canon Stevenson. It seems a surprising.omission given both its obvious fame in the medieval period and its current status as a well-known and much visited London church.

From my article, which I posted last year, a detailed account of the medieval church and shrine from the excellent 1929 Survey of London can be accessed at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of All Hallows Barking by the Tower

May Our Lady of All Hallows Barking pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Sunday, 18 August 2024

Repton reveals more of its past


I have posted previously about the discoveries made during recent archaeological investigations in and around Repton in Derbyshire. These relate in particular to the wintering there of the Viking Great Army in 873, at what had been one of the principal centres of Mercian royal authority.

The BBC News website has a summary of recent discoveries and interpretations from two  different archaeological investigations of the area round the church at Repton and of other local sites identified as where the Vikings had established camp.

Not only does the archaeological evidence add considerably to our knowledge of the composition of this formidable Viking army but it also helps to place it both physically and culturally in the English realms it had invaded. 

This is important as by destroying or fragmenting all but one of the English kingdoms the Great Army had, without intending it, prepared the way for the gradual unification of England under King Alfred, his son and grandson, and for the inclusion within it of a significant Danish cultural inheritance that helped to create the medieval English Kingdom, and to leave an enduring legacy.

The BBC article can be seen at Digs suggest leafy Repton once saw Viking horrors


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Aylesford


Todays Kentish stage of the Marian pilgrimage concludes in the west of the county in the valley of the Medway at the restored Carmelite Priory at Aylesford.

My earlier articles about this now well known centre of devotion can be accessed from Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Aylesford


May Our Lady of Aylesford pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Bradstow at Broadstairs


Looking at Waterton I came upon his account of the Shrine of Our Lady at Bradstow at Broadstairs in Kent and was surprised that Canon Stevenson did not include it in his itinerary.

Wikipedia has an account - somewhat meandering, but still useful - of the history of the shrine and chapel at Shrine of Our Lady, Bradstowe

It also has articles about the town at  Broadstairs and of the linked village of St Peter’s at St Peter's, Kent which provide additional contextual material.

HeritageGateway has an entry about what remains of the shrine chapel following its adaption as a nonconformist place of worship in the seventeenth century, and which can be seen here

The website of the nineteenth century Anglican Church of Holy Trinity refers to the shrine and to the creation of a new one in honour of Our Lady in the church in 1980. It can be seen at Our History — Holy Trinity, Broadstairs

The website of the handsome twentieth century Catholic Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea, designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, can be seen at Our History | Our Lady Star of the Sea, Roman Catholic Church, Broadstairs Road, Broadstairs, Kent


May Our Lady of Bradstow pray for the King and all the Royal Family and for us all.


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lay of Poulton


The route now turns inland to the shrine of Our Lady of Poulton in the hinterland of Dover.

Our knowledge of this shrine is fragmented but what evidence I could find can be seen via my article from last year at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Poulton

May Our Lady of Poulton pray for The King and for all the Royal Family and for us all


Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Pity in the Rock at Dover


The pilgrims now return to Kent and to what might be seen geographically as the last, or first, shrine in the realm.

From my article from last year readers can navigate back to my original post about this shrine, about which there is a bit more information recorded than many of the other smaller shrines on the route. It can be accessed at Marian Pilgrimage - Our Lady of Pity in the Rock at Dover.


May Our Lady of Pity in the Rock at Dover pray for The King and all the Royal Family and for us all


Saturday, 17 August 2024

The Battle of Verneuil 1424


Today is the sixth centenary of the battle of Verneuil in 1424. It is not one of the battles of the Hundred Years War that has survived in the popular memory like Crécy, Poitiers or Agincourt, but to contemporaries the English victory over the French and Scottish armies and their allied Milanese mercenaries was seen as a second Agincourt. 

Not only did it more or less eliminate the Scottish army but, fought as it was on the southern border of Normandy, which was thereby consolidated, it also opened up the real possibility for the English of advancing south into Maine and reaching the Loire. Not until 1429 were the Dauphinist forces able to retaliate and halt the advance at the siege of Orleans. 

It was apparently a very bloody victory with numerous French and Scottish commanders and men killed or captured, rather as at Agincourt. 

The Duke of Bedford with his heraldic badge of "wood stocks" (tree-stumps) and his motto A Vous Entier
A miniature from the Bedford Hours
Image: Wikipedia 

The victory built upon the Anglo-Burgundian victory at Cravant just over a year previously and in many ways avenged the English defeat and the death of the Duke of Clarence at the battle of Baugé in 1421. 

The English, led by the Regent, John Duke of Bedford, won a victory that was not only significant in terms of the campaign to complete King Henry V’s ambition of resolving the Anglo-French conflict by conquering France. It was also the last time an English army on the continent defeated the French in a pitched land battle until Blenheim in 1704. Whatever else those 280 years brought to England, and later to Britain, they did not bring military glory on a comparable scale. No wonder Blenheim Palace is so spectacular as a celebration of Marlborough’s Anglo-Austrian triumph, and of so emphatic an English defeat of the French after so long a time.

For the English, for the French Dauphinists and for the Scots Verneuil left legacies that shaped their internal politics and diplomacy in the following years..

Wikipedia has a quite detailed account of the battle and its significance at Battle of Verneuil and also a short account of the town itself at Verneuil-sur-Avre